Role of HR Consultants in India with respect to IT sector
COVER PAGE
1. Name : Sachin Kumar .N.Naravani
2. Occupation : Sr.Lecturer-M.B.A
3. Place : Koppal, Karnataka state and India
4. Email : sachin_naravani@yahoo.co.in
The Role of HR Consultants in Employment with Reference IT Industry in India
ABSTRACT
Consultancy in India
Services play a crucial role in our economy. Among services consultancy profession assumes significance as a catalyst of change in the ever-expanding industrial scenario. Consultants help in optimizing use of resources to enhance efficiency and overall returns from a project. Over 1, 00,000 specialists are employed, including nearly 10,000 management consultants. The wide spectrum of disciplines and services provided by Indian consultants range from project identification to commissioning involving, supervision and training of personnel, market surveys, rehabilitation of sick units as well as operation and maintenance. Largest concentration of consultancy organizations is in the four metropolitan cities Delhi (25.7%) has the highest number of consultancy organization among four metropolitan cities followed by Mumbai (25.5%) Chennai (12.1%) and Kolkata (9.1%). Indian consultancy capabilities are strong in several areas such as civil engineering and construction, telecommunication, power, metallurgy, chemical, petrochemicals and computer software. The service provided includes feasibility and market studies erection and commissioning of plant and machinery, system engineering etc.
Following specialties attribute to the strength of Indian Consultancy profession.
- Well-dispersed and wide-ranging areas of specialization to service diverse range of clientele needs.
- Advanced technical talents/ skills at reasonable cost.
- Familiarity with local conditions.
Introduction
Employment and Unemployment Scenario in India
The result of the 61st round of survey by NSSO – National Sample Survey Organisation conducted in 2004-05 provides the latest information on the employment and unemployment scenario in India. National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) surveys and generates data and information once in five years.
Labor force scenario in India
The Indian labor market can be categorized into three sectors:
• Rural workers, who constitute about 60% of the workforce
• Organized of the formal sector, that constitutes about 8% of the workforce
• Urban unorganized or informal structure which represents the 32% of the workforce.
During the year 1999-2000, the labour force was estimated to be 407 million. In 2004-05 the labor market consisted of 469.06 million workers and has grown up to 509.3 million in the year 2006. The labour force growth rate accelerated from 1.03 per cent to 2.93 per cent (more than the population growth rate).
In million
CAGR
1993-94
1999-00
2004-05
1993-94 to 1999-00
1999-00 to 2004-05
Labour Force*
381.94
406.05
469.05
1.03
2.93
Employment and unemployment rates
The annual rate of employment growth has increased from 0.98 per cent for the period 1993-94 to 1999-00 to 2.89 per cent in the period 1999-00 to 2004-05. The main reason of the increasing unemployment rate is the growth rate of the labour force which is more than the growth rate of employment.
1983
1988
1994
1999-00
2004-05
Employed
302.75
324.29
374.45
397
457.82
Unemployed
5.89
9.2
7.49
9.05
11.24
Unemployment rate(as % of labour force)
1.91
2.76
1.96
2.23
2.39
The employment scenario in India is dominated by the unorganized sector. As per the data for the year 2004-05, only about 9 percent of the total workforce is in the organized sector (all public sector establishments and all non-agricultural establishments in private sector with 10 or more workers); the remaining 91 percent are in the unorganized sector, self-employed, or employed as casual wage laborers. The organized sector is not growing in terms of the employment opportunities.
Employment in Indian industry sectors
The employment growth rate for the period 2004-05 has been recorded at 2.89 per cent i.e. a growth of 1.91 from the previous 0.98 per cent for the period1999-00. The employment scenario in different
Indian Industry sectors is as follows
Employment Projections
Sector
Employment in 2004-2005 (Millions)
Projected Elasticity
GDP Growth Rate (%)
Employment Growth Rate (%)
Projected Employment 2009
Agriculture Forestry & Fishing
267.57
0.7
3.73
2.61
296.62
Mining & Quarrying
2.74
0.82
4.73
3.88
3.19
Manufacturing
53.51
0.34
10.9
3.71
61.9
Electricity Gas water supply
1.37
0.33
6.9
2.28
1.5
Trade, Hotels & Restaurant, Transport, Storage & Communication
64.49
0.45
11.97
5.39
79.56
Financing, Insurance, Real estate & Business services
6.86
0.94
10.33
9.71
9.94
Community, Social & Personal services
35.67
0.28
7.6
2.13
38.81
Total
457.82
0.36
9.13
3.29
529.87
The share of the agriculture and allied activities has fallen from 59.8 per cent in 1999-00 to 58.4 per cent in 2004-05. But, the sector has also absorbed almost half of the increment in the workforce. Also, the employment elasticity of the agriculture and the allied sector stands high at 1.52.
The share of the manufacturing sector in employment has seen a marginal decline from 12.1 per cent to 11.7 per cent, absorbing 5.5 million share of the incremental workforce.
The services also increased its share in the employment from 22.7 per cent to 23.4 per cent, absorbing 16.8 million from the workforce during 1999-00 to 2004-05.
The share of the self–employed workers in the Indian workforce has increased tremendously to 260 million.
Elasticity of employment
The Indian economy witnessed a decrease in the employment elasticity from 0.41 to 0.15 from 1993-94 to 1999-00. But the latest survey has seen this trend being reversed. For the period 2004-05, the aggregate employment elasticity has tripled from a low of 0.15 to 0.48.
With the trends being witnessed, it has been projected that if the economy and the labour force maintain the constant growth rate of 9 and 2.93 per cent respectively, the workforce and the labour force will converge within a short period.
The IT Industry in India the Attraction for HR Consultants
The Information Technology (IT) sector in India holds the distinction of advancing the country into the new-age economy. The growth momentum attained by the overall economy since the late 1990s to a great extent can be owed to the IT sector, well supported by a liberalized policy regime with reduction in telecommunication cost and import duties on hardware and software. Perceptible is the transformation since liberalisation – India today is the world leader in information technology and business outsourcing. Correspondingly, the industry’s contribution to India’s GDP has grown significantly from 1.2% in 1999-2000 to around 4.8% in FY06, and has been estimated to cross 5% in FY07. The sector has been growing at an annual rate of 28% per annum since FY01.
Indian IT companies have globally established their superiority in terms of cost advantage, availability of skilled manpower and the quality of services. They have been enhancing their global service delivery capabilities through a combination of organic and inorganic growth initiatives. Global giants like Microsoft, SAP, Oracle, and Lenovo have already established their captive centers in India. These companies recognise the advantage India offers and the fact that it is among the fastest growing IT markets in the Asia-Pacific region.
Summarizing some key highlights of the sector in FY06:
- Software and services exports were estimated to have grown by 32% in dollar terms to exceed US$ 23 bn.
- ITeS-BPO exports were estimated to touch US$ 6.3 bn, a growth of 37%
- IT-ITeS export revenues from engineering and R&D services, offshore product development and made-in-India software products touched an estimated US$ 3.9 bn from US$3.1 bn in FY05
- Sales of Personal computers crossed 4.7 mn units; a growth of 20% compared to 3.6 mn units sold in FY05
- As of Dec 06, around 440 Indian companies had acquired quality certification with 90 companies certified at SEI CMM Level 5, higher than any other country in the world
- The total number of IT and ITeS-BPO professionals employed in India was estimated to have grown to 1,293,000 from 1,058,000 in FY05
Industry Structure
The size of the Indian IT industry, according to NASSCOM, has been estimated to be around US$ 47.8 bn. The Indian IT industry can be broadly divided into two markets: domestic market and exports market. The exports market constitutes the largest segment accounting for 75% of the total revenue generated by the Indian software industry.
The domestic IT market is broadly divided into the following four segments: IT Services, software segment which includes engineering and Research & Development (R&D) services, IT-enabled Services and Business Process Outsourcing (ITeS-BPO), and Hardware. While IT Services accounted for 34% of the total revenue generated by the domestic market in FY06, the Engineering Services,
R&D and Software Products segments together accounted for 10% of the revenue. The ITeS-BPO segment, on the other hand, contributed 7%. Hardware is the dominant segment with a share of about 49%. The domestic IT market grew at a CAGR of 21.9% during FY02-06 to touch US$ 13.2 bn, and is projected to grow to US$ 15.9 bn in FY07, registering a growth of 24% y-o-y.
The exports market is dominated by the IT services market holding a share of 56.4% in the software and services exports in FY06, followed by the ITeS-BPO segment with 26.7% share and the software products and engineering services segment with 16.9% share.
The Indian hardware industry is at present estimated to be in the proportion of 30% domestic, 1.25% exports and the remaining being imports. The domestic market itself offers tremendous potential for hardware companies, thus having very few companies venturing into hardware exports. Imports of IT hardware which form a large component of the industry are mainly from Taiwan, China and Korea. Lately, however, MNCs in the hardware segment have been viewing India as a hub for setting up hardware manufacturing facilities, for instance Dell.
India’s IT Industry (US$ bn)
Source: NASSCOM
IT Services Exports
Indian IT Services exports grew from US$ 10 bn in FY05 to US$ 13.3 bn in FY06, registering a growth of 33.4%, and is further expected to reach US$ 18.1 bn in FY07, posting a growth of 36%. Revenue from ‘projects’ dominated the IT Services exports with a share of 58%, with outsourcing and support & training activities accounting for 33% and 9% respectively.
Source: D&B Research
Within the ITeS-BPO segment, Customer Interaction Services (CIS) account for nearly India’s IT Exports XIV 45-50% of the total ITeS-BPO services exports while finance & accounting contributes for the remaining 40-45%. Human resource and other high-end knowledge-based processes account for 2% and 8-10% respectively.
The Software product, Engineering services and R&D segment contributes around 17% of the software and services exports. India is well positioned in the engineering and R&D services segment. Apart from Indian companies offering these services, several foreign companies (both captive and third party) are also setting up base in India to provide these services. Overseas companies operating in sectors like high–tech, telecommunications, automobile, aerospace, heavy machinery, construction and industrial products are looking at off-shoring their engineering and R&D related work to India.
Few important characteristics of the Indian IT sector include:
- Export intensive: Ever since the industry’s evolution, exports has been the major contributor to the industry.
- Concentration on Low-end services: Low-end services such as customised software services and maintenance have been the key strength of the Indian IT companies. These companies are now however moving up the value chain offering end-to-end solutions to clients.
- Labour intensive industry: The very nature of the services offered by the industry makes human resources a significant driver for the industry.
- Fragmented industry: D&B’s inhouse database has identified over 8,000 companies which operate in the IT space in India, offering a wide range of software products and services. A large number of these companies are unorganised players
- Skewed concentration: The revenues of the top four companies, TCS, Infosys, Wipro and Satyam, including income of their subsidiaries, account for around 22% of the overall industry. This skewness is all the more pronounced in the case of software services.
Emerging Trends in the Indian IT Services Industry
While the global IT players are aggressively scaling up their operations in India, due to the advantages that the Indian industry offers, the Indian IT companies are also preparing to tap the global market.
The companies are witnessing significant change with regard to their service offerings and geographical concentration. Today, companies are expanding their service offerings from application development and maintenance to high end services like testing, consulting and engineering designing. The global delivery model has not only facilitated the companies in delivering quality of work but also helped them to control costs.
Emerging IT Services Dynamics
Source: D&B Industry Research Service
Over the years, the Indian companies have positioned themselves well to reap benefits of the emerging scenario in the IT sector.
New Service Offerings
The Indian IT companies are expanding their service offerings to provide a complete basket of services to their clients. These new services include IT consulting, testing, business process management and IT infrastructure services, which in a way allows the IT companies to de-risk their business from pricing pressures and enter into newer areas which provide them higher growth and profitability.
Larger Deal Size
Indian IT companies have successfully scaled up operations and made a mark in the global outsourcing market, evident from the large deals bagged by the Indian IT companies in the past one year, including the British Telecom-Tech Mahindra deal which was worth US$ 1 bn, the Pearl Insurance-TCS deal (£ 486 mn), the Skandia-HCL Technologies deal (US$ 200 mn) and the Kimberly-Clark-TCS deal (US$ 100 mn). Most of the deals bagged by the major companies were in the Banking and Financial Service space which reiterates the growth in this vertical. As per the data compiled by Technology Partners International (TPI), the Asia Pacific region witnessed a significant increase in total deals amounting to US$ 10 bn in 2006 from US$ 6.1 bn in 2005. Indian companies bagged contracts (above US$ 25 mn) worth US$ 2.7 bn in 2006, with a market share of 25% in the Asia Pacific region.
Growing presence of MNCs
Cost arbitrage and the availability of a large talent pool has attracted several MNCs to India. Big players like IBM, Accenture, Capgemini and Oracle among others have not only increased their headcounts in India but also outperformed their global performance in terms of revenue growth. Their Indian operations are witnessing strong growth as compared to their global business. Some of the major global companies like Intel, IBM and CSC are cutting jobs abroad and shifting their base to India.
Investment Plans of MNCs in India
Source: D&B Industry Research Service
Emerging Markets: In terms of geographical contribution, the US continues to remain the key market for Indian IT companies, accounting for 67.2% of the software and services (including BPO) exports from India. However, Europe is also emerging as an important market for the Indian IT industry, considering the fact that the share of exports to Europe from India increased from 22.2% in FY03 to 25.1% in FY06. After the US, Indian companies are looking at the European region as a potential market for exports and also to expand their global presence. Mergers and acquisitions has been one of the routes that the Indian companies have adopted to enhance their presence in European markets.
Changing Growth Drivers: There has been a change in the revenue composition of companies in recent years. The revenue contribution of high-growth segments such as infrastructure management services, package implementation, testing and consulting has witnessed a continuous increase. This is in sharp contrast to the earlier trend wherein almost all companies were largely dependant on the Custom Application Development and Maintenance (CADM) services segment for their revenues. Today, the share of CADM has decreased to 49% in FY06 from 80% in FY01. Thus, newer service lines are not only enabling Indian companies to increase their sales by cross-selling to their existing customers, but also improving their average billing rates and recognition of being end-to-end service providers.
New End-users: In terms of user industries, the BFSI and hi-tech/telecommunication industries remain the leading verticals for the Indian IT companies. Together, these sectors account for 58% of the Indian IT-ITeS exports. Though these verticals have good growth potential, other sectors such as manufacturing, retail, healthcare, utilities, etc., are also emerging as promising segments for the Indian
IT companies. While the BFSI sector has the potential to provide large size contracts to the IT companies, the manufacturing sector can provide large number of deals/assignments to the Indian players.
Presently, the Indian IT companies are on a hiring spree which indicates their bullishness on their order flows. All the major players have increased their manpower by 15-50%, and the trend is expected to continue further. As a result, the companies are expected to scale up their operations. The Indian IT companies are also vying for inorganic growth, with a quest for newer geographical areas, service offerings, domain expertise, customers and markets.
Concerns for the Indian IT Industry
Though demand conditions have been optimistic, the Indian IT sector is exposed to certain risks which may deter growth. An appreciating rupee, anticipated slowdown in the US economy, shortage of skilled manpower, limitations in domestic infrastructure and competition from other global players offering manpower at low cost like China, Philippines and Vietnam can have a negative impact on the performance of the Indian IT companies.
Besides, increasing activities of global MNCs in India will make difficult employee retention for Indian companies. NASSCOM opines that there will be a shortage of half a million people in the IT and ITeS segments by 2009. With an industry attrition level hovering around 20-25% (often higher for smaller players), companies are likely to offer an increase of 10-15% in salaries in the coming years.
On the financial front, wage inflation of 10-15% and forex fluctuation can reduce the top line as well as the bottom line of the companies. Unless the Government defers the withdrawal of tax incentives which is due to expire after 2009, IT companies operating out of the Software Technology Parks of India (STPIs) are likely to witness an increase in their tax liabilities, which may reduce their profitability further.
IT Jobs in India
Information Technology refers to the management and use of the information using computer-based tools. It can refer to both hardware and software. Mostly, it is the term used to refer to business applications of computer technology rather than scientific applications.
Information Technology (IT) can be used potentially in every sector of the economy. Information Technology has been a dynamic sector in many developed economies and India has stood out as a developing country where IT, in disguise of software exports has grown dramatically. Information Technology jobs in India are the first choice career for the bright brains who are growth oriented and innovative. Hence, IT jobs in India are also booming with increasing demand for information technology professionals.
There are few aspects of business today that are still untouched by IT professionals. These have immense implications for them. No longer tucked away in basement, IT professional operates in the heart of the business. With this changing role comes an increasing need for such professionals who communicate and demonstrate high standards of professional competence and achievement with a perfect essence of professionalism.
To be an Information Technology Professional, an individual should be a graduate with Bachelor of Engineers Degree. There are many institutes and universities in India that offer courses on Information Technology to name a few:
? IIT, Kanpur, Delhi, Chennai, Kharagpur, Mumbai
? IIIT – Indian Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad
? Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu
? Assam Engineering College, Assam
? Bangalore institute of Technology
? Bengal Engineering College, West Bengal
? Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Bihar
? BMS Institute of Engineering, Bangalore
? Jadavpur University, Kolkata
? University Computer Center, Osmania University, Hyderabad
The Role of Consultant in Employment
The Job Industry is one of the largest and most competitive Industries in the world today. With the growth and expansion of society as a whole, manpower requirement are sky rocketing.
A Consultant or a Recruitment Firm is an entity that works towards reducing clutter and streamlining the manpower requirements of Companies, big and small. These firms serve as middlemen and help organizations and job seekers to find each other.
Who Hires Whom?
Companies hire Placement Consultants who in turn help them to find the right candidate to join their organization. Job Seekers contact Recruitment firms to help them identify and then apply for the right job.
Today, the Recruitment Industry has grown to tremendous levels and there are specialized consultants serving different fields.
How It Works?
Consultants work for a number of different Companies, small and large.
These head hunter groups receive details about the job vacancy such as job responsibilities, desired experience, remuneration etc.
Next, Consultants go through their present database of job seekers registered with them. This database of aspiring candidates is a Placement Consultant's resource built over a period of time.
Job seekers contact recruitment firms either through phone, email or walk-ins and register their Resumes with them.
How to apply for a job through Placement Consultants?
In India, job seekers rely highly on Placement Consultants and recruitment firms in their quest for a suitable job.
The Job Hunting Cycle -
Identifying a Placement Firm - The biggest challenge for most job seekers is to identify good Placement Consultants, list of Placement Agencies, Employer Websites, in India & International - a valuable resource for all job seekers.
Contacting them - Once a list of Consultants is drawn out, the next step is to contact them. Candidates can email their latest updated resumes or talk to them personally and explain their requirements. Candidates should remember that this is an ongoing process and should be done properly. Remember: mail boxes of Consultants often go beyond their storage limits so remember to follow up with them through phone.
Example of Global hunts leading HR consultants:
The recruitment process can be categorized in three phases, namely:
1. Planning
2. Implementation
3. Closure
PLANNING – Structure, Focus, Identity and Prepare
In the planning stage, Global Hunt (GH), evaluates the needs and requirements of the clients to determine required set of skills, understand organizational behavior and relationships. Working as team with our client, we identify the required experience and other characteristics, necessary for the successful candidate.
The initial planning enable them in identifying needs of both the company as valid candidates, which further leads us in deciding on a search strategy to target on spot education, personality and experience.
Mapping Exercise
During the mapping exercise we perform industry specific desk and field, requirement of companies and relevant people so as to identify the key competencies. It include principal accountabilities, key result areas (KRAs) authority to be infested, external contacts, reporting procedures and supervisory relationships, working conditions / employee job specifications, compensation package, location and other necessary details.
Long list Generation
The field research provides us a long list of qualified candidates, who are worth pursuing the process; we start the search to identify the suitable candidates either from our own database or by advertising for the position.
IMPLEMENTATION- Preliminary Interviews short listing of candidates, Informal Reference checks, and client interviews and formal reference checks.
Preliminary Interviews
We select the potential candidates on the basis of experience, qualifications, strength and weaknesses and the ability of the candidate to the work-culture and ethics of the client organization.
Shortlist Generation
The preliminary interviews result out in short-listing of highly qualified candidates. Once the reports are generally prepared and submitted in writing to our clients on four or five who fulfill the specified position closely.
Informal reference checks
We conduct informal reference check to verify the listed achievements and last experiences of the short-listed candidates. After this phase, a list is handed to the clients’ recommendations and assessments.
Client Interviews
After the informal reference checks, we schedule a meeting between the short-listed candidate and the client with proper travel arrangements and handling of reimbursement of travel. The consultant asks both the client and the candidates for the feedback after every interview.
Formal reference checks
After client interviews, we conduct a formal reference check of the selected candidates contacts individuals / companies that are capable of providing details of the qualifications, work ethics and other relevant feedback. The comments made by these are then reviewed with the client.
CLOSURE - Negotiations & offer, Follow-up / progress and handholding
Negotiation & offer
The Global hunt actively participates in the negotiation process including compensation. Both the client candidates draw on our in-depth knowledge of market compensation and benefits in discuss and plan a competitive and equitable package.
Follow up / progress
Understanding the importance of follow up / progress phase, we keep in touch until the time he /she joins the company.
Handholding
After the successful candidate joining for a specified job, we keep an ongoing dialogue the candidate and the client. This handholding process ensures a smooth integration of organization and accomplishment of targets and performance goals.
Market share of HR Consultants in India
The Rs.1, 600 crore job search market in India is dominated by consultants who have about 65 per cent market share. A majority of them are small players who use job portals for recruiting candidates.
Future Role of HR Consultants
Traditionally, the role of the Human Resource professional in many organizations has been to serve as the systematizing, policing arm of executive management.
In this role, the HR professional served executive agendas well, but was frequently viewed as a road block by much of the rest of the organization. While some need for this role occasionally remains — you wouldn’t want every manager putting his own spin on a sexual harassment policy, as an example — much of the HR role is transforming itself.
The role of the HR manager must parallel the needs of his changing organization. Successful organizations are becoming more adaptable, resilient, quick to change direction and customer-centered. Within this environment, the HR professional, who is considered necessary by line managers, is a strategic partner, an employee sponsor or advocate and a change mentor.
Strategic Partner
In today’s organizations, to guarantee their viability and ability to contribute, HR managers need to think of themselves as strategic partners. In this role, the HR person contributes to the development of and the accomplishment of the organization-wide business plan and objectives.
The HR business objectives are established to support the attainment of the overall strategic business plan and objectives. The tactical HR representative is deeply knowledgeable about the design of work systems in which people succeed and contribute. This strategic partnership impacts HR services such as the design of work positions; hiring; reward, recognition and strategic pay; performance development and appraisal systems; career and succession planning; and employee development.
Employee Advocate
As an employee sponsor or advocate, the HR manager plays an integral role in organizational success via his knowledge about and advocacy of people. This advocacy includes expertise in how to create a work environment in which people will choose to be motivated, contributing, and happy.
Fostering effective methods of goal setting, communication and empowerment through responsibility, builds employee ownership of the organization. The HR professional helps establish the organizational culture and climate in which people have the competency, concern and commitment to serve customers well.
In this role, the HR manager provides employee development opportunities, employee assistance programs, gain sharing and profit-sharing strategies, organization development interventions, due process approaches to problem solving and regularly scheduled communication opportunities.
Change Champion
The constant evaluation of the effectiveness of the organization results in the need for the HR professional to frequently champion change. Both knowledge about and the ability to execute successful change strategies make the HR professional exceptionally valued. Knowing how to link change to the strategic needs of the organization will minimize employee dissatisfaction and resistance to change.
The HR professional contributes to the organization by constantly assessing the effectiveness of the HR function. He also sponsors change in other departments and in work practices. To promote the overall success of his organization, he champions the identification of the organizational mission, vision, values, goals and action plans. Finally, he helps determine the measures that will tell his organization how well it is succeeding in all of this.
Conclusion
The Consultants play a vital role in staffing of clientele needs and provides employment for local people, however getting the right prospective candidate for employment still remains a challenge because of changing manpower requirements of the clients based on the project assignments they carry out and moreover the consultant should be acting as gap filler and also to care about the changing needs of preferences of candidates who look to be placed under better employer.
However, the consultants should provide advices for the employer for practicing finest human resources policies so that they can afford to retain the employees by providing lucrative benefits so that the dearth of quality professional can be reduced. It is up to employer consultant to vigil on the competition in the industry to match the requirements arising out of competition.
It is also important for the employer to prepare the right job description and forward the same to consultant, who can bring the right candidate for right job.
The consultant should not restrict themselves to staffing and should ease the difficulties faced by both prospective employees and employer. The consultant should be a good stragiest who can leverage the skills of prospective employee in placing them in right organization.
For the consultants the era has begined to create the new talent pool who can take the organizations to the reach its goal and inturn the consultants should cultivate to have immaculate systems and process of creating jobs in the market and finally to reduce the failure in the process of staffing.
References of Sources:
Reference1 – Recruitment and Selection, by Garry Dessler, Human Resource Development.
Reference2 – Training and development, by Ashwatappa, Human Resource Development.
Reference3 –Consultancies in India by Amity India refer website amity.edu.
Reference4 – All the tables are in the article are sourced from D&B Researchers.
Refernce5 – Recruitment process sourced from Globalhunt, leading HR consultant.
Reference6 –The other sources of data extraction from websites: jobsites.net, fresherjob.com, human resources.about.com
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