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The Impact of Practicing Autonomy on the Writing Proficiency of Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners
ABSTRACT
The present study examined the impact of practicing autonomy on the writing proficiency of Iranian intermediate EFL learners. To this end, Preliminary English Test (PET) by Thomas and Sharon (2006) was administered to 92 intermediate language learners as a pre-test. Accordingly, 60 homogeneous learners comprised the research sample. The participants were randomly divided into two similar groups, one as an autonomous group and the other as a non-autonomous group. Each group consisted of 30 learners. The autonomous group practiced autonomy in writing and the non-autonomous group followed a traditional approach to writing. Then, the participants were post-tested on writing. In order to compare the results of the treatment in the autonomous group with the non-autonomous group, t-test was used. The null hypothesis was rejected because the autonomous group outperformed the non-autonomous grou
Introduction
In the past, the Grammar Translation Method was so prominent in language teaching and learning. Under the influence of this method, teachers had a lot of responsibilities in language teaching. They had the main roles in the classrooms and learners were obedient to their authorities. They did whatever teachers asked them to do. Teachers were providers of knowledge and learners were receivers. Learners had passive roles, were completely dependent on their teachers in the process of language learning and lacked initiative. Classrooms were product-oriented and teacher-centered. Learning was really boring in such classes.
According to WU Li-li (2008), at the present time, with the language teaching being more and more communication oriented, the traditional classroom teaching is encountering a great challenge and is being substituted by the learner-centered one. The learner-centered approach in EFL has generated the concept of learner autonomy in EFL. Holec (1981, as cited in WU Li-li, 2008, p. 43), one of the earliest supporters of autonomy in language teaching, has described it as the "ability to take care of one's learning". Although different scholars express their dissimilar understanding of the expression, the common agreement on its importance looks extensively admitted. A common argument for justifying learner autonomy both in general education and language learning is that autonomous learners become highly motivated and the autonomy leads to better and more effective work. That is, an extremely motivated learner is more initiative and creative in learning; consequently, they will make the classroom instruction more useful.
It is obvious that for learners, writing is a means of recording and reformulating knowledge and developing ideas. It may also be a means of personal discovery, of creating, and of self-expression.Wade (1995, as cited in Al-Hazmi, 2006) persuasively states that writing is an essential ingredient in critical thinking instruction, since it promotes greater self-reflection and the taking of broader perspectives than does oral expression. Suitable written assignments, she believes, can stimulate classroom writers to enhance their active learning spontaneously. Writing, especially the process approach, is, by nature, a self-critical one. It lends itself to the kind of introspection that would prompt students to reflect on their understanding, and to communicate their feelings about what they know, what they are doing, what they are struggling with, and how they are experiencing their learning (cf. White and McGovern, 1994).
Writing
According to Brown (2001), trends in the teaching of writing in ESL and other foreign languages have, not astonishingly, coincided with those of other skills. As communicative language teaching collected impetus in the 1980s, teachers learned more and more about how to teach fluency, not just accuracy, how to employ authentic texts and contexts in the classroom, how to center on the aims of linguistic communication, and how to take advantage of learners' intrinsic motives to learn. Those same trends and main beliefs that undergirded them also applied to advances in the teaching of writing in second language contexts.
According to Al-Hazmi (2006), research into EFL writing methodology since the 1980's has overpoweringly supported the process approach to writing. As Asiri (2003, cited in Al-Hazmi, 2006, p. 37) states:
modern methodologies of teaching writing in the English
as a second language (ESL) classroom emphasize co-
operative learning between teachers and learners,
and emphasize that learners should be given more
opportunities to think critically, to initiate learning,
and to express themselves.
Autonomy
According to Lavasani (2008), second language acquisition antedates institutionalized education by a lot of centuries and even in the contemporary world millions of people carry on to learn second and foreign languages without the advantage of official training. Though there is a great deal that we can learn from their attempts, the theory of autonomy in language learning is fundamentally involved with the systematizing of institutionalized learning. As such, it has a history of about three decades.
According to Benson & Voller (1997, as cited in Naizhao and Yanling 2008, p. 6), the term autonomy has come to be used in at least five ways:
•Situations in which learners study entirely on their own;
•A set of skills which can be learned and applied in self-directed learning;
•An inborn capacity which is suppressed by institutional education;
•The exercise of learners' responsibility for their own learning;
•The right of learners to determine the direction of their own learning.
However, no study has yet been conducted on the effect of practicing autonomy on the writing ability of language learners. Therefore, the present study tried to find out the impact of practicing autonomy on the writing proficiency of Iranian intermediate EFL learners. To achieve the aim of the study the following research question was formulated:
Does practicing autonomy have any effects on the writing proficiency of Iranian intermediate EFL learners?
Method
Participants
Ninety- two female intermediate learners, who were studying English in a language institute in Shiraz, were selected through convenient sampling. In order to homogenize the participants, the writing section of the Preliminary English Test (PET) by Thomas and Sharon (2006), was administered to all the 92 intermediate language learners as a pre-test and merely those students whose scores were one standard deviation above and below the mean of the normal distribution curve were chosen for the study. Accordingly, 60 learners constituted the participants in the research. Later, the participants were randomly divided into two similar groups, one as an autonomous group and the other as a non-autonomous group. Each group contained 30 learners.
Instrumentation
The writing section of the PET, the writing rating scale and some writing tasks were used in this study, which are described below.
The Writing Section of the Preliminary English Test (PET)
Two writing tests, with similar structure, were conducted to both groups (autonomous and non-autonomous). One of the writing tests was employed to homogenize the participants and also as a pre-test to see how the participants performed at the beginning of the study to be compared to their performance at the end. The second writing test was administered as a post-test to test the null hypothesis of the study. The elicitation techniques accepted for the writing tests were a combination of writing notes, e-mails, responding to an invitation, a letter and story writing. The two writing tests were selected from the writing section of Preliminary English Test (PET) by Thomas and Sharon (2006). Each of them contained 15 items. The participants had one hour and thirty minutes to write each of the writing tests.
The Writing Rating Scale
In order to rate the two writing tests (pre-test and post-test) objectively, a rating scale had to be employed. The "Writing Scoring Profile" ( Khabiri, 2003), was used. This writing scale is divided into five parts, each of which is concerned with one of the significant components of writing ability, namely content, rhetorical features, cohesion, adequacy of vocabulary for purpose, sentence structure, and mechanical accuracy. According to this rating scale, all of the components received a rate from 0 to 3, except for cohesion and mechanical accuracy which received a rate ranging from 0 to 1.
Procedure
Initially, 92 female intermediate learners, who were studying English in a language institute in Shiraz, were selected through convenient sampling. The writing section of the PET was administered as a pre-test to see how they performed at the beginning of the study to be compared to their performance at the end. The learners had to write a few notes, e-mails, a story and a letter. In order to homogenize the participants, only 60 learners whose scores were one standard deviation above and below the mean of the normal distribution curve were chosen.
Next, the learners were randomly divided into two similar groups, one as an autonomous group and the other as a non-autonomous group. Each group contained 30 learners. Before starting the treatment the researcher checked the normality of the pretest to see whether the samples were normally distributed at each group or not. As the sample in the pretest was not normal, the parametric tests were not appropriate and the researcher used the non-parametric alternative to the t-test which was Mann-whitney. The writing rating scale taken from the "Writing Scoring Profile" (Khabiri, 2003) was used to rate participants' writings objectively. An experienced language teacher with an MA degree in language teaching co-operated with the researcher. Consequently, two ratings were provided for each participant by the researcher and researcher's colleague. The average score of these two ratings was the final score of each learner. In order to understand whether the ratings allocated by the two raters were consistent or not, a correlation was run between the two raters. Inter- rater reliability was also computed. In this way, the two raters could be certain about their interpretation of the writing scale.
Then, both groups were given the treatment. Some writing tasks were used. Both the autonomous and non-autonomous groups started an English course which lasted for ten weeks (one hour and a half a day, two days a week). Some writing tasks such as writing a composition, picture story writing, describing a view and reporting a book were given to both groups. The autonomous group, which consisted of thirty students, was divided into six groups. Each group contained five students. They worked together in their groups and decided on their favorite subjects, pictures, views and books to write about. The time allotted for this activity was fifteen minutes. The students were assigned thirty minutes to do their writing assignment. They went over the contents of their writing to check the vocabulary and grammatical items. If they had any problems, they would solve them themselves. This activity increased collaborative learning which promoted autonomy. Then, they were assigned five minutes to evaluate and assess their own writing by working cooperatively. To have the peer-correction, the last ten minutes, the paper of each group was distributed randomly among all the six groups. In this way, the teacher felt sure that the learners experienced the sense of autonomy and independence in the groups. At the end of each session, to check each individual's work, the teacher collected all the papers and corrected them, herself.
For the non-autonomous group, which consisted of thirty students, all the mentioned writing tasks were taught. They followed a traditional approach to writing and they did the tasks individually not in groups. The learners were not allowed to choose the topics of the compositions, favorite pictures, views and books to write about. This activity was done by the teacher. Each learner wrote her own writing. If they had any problems, the teacher solved them. The students were supposed to finish the writing tasks in the period of one hour and a half. Error correction was again done by the teacher and an experienced language teacher with an MA degree in language teaching co-operated with the researcher. Consequently, two ratings were provided for each participant by the researcher and researcher's colleague. The average score of these two ratings was the final score of each learner. In order to understand whether the ratings allocated by the two raters were consistent or not, a correlation was run between the two raters. Inter- rater reliability was also computed. In this way, the two raters could be certain about their interpretation of the writing scale. The tasks which were used in this study were: writing a composition, picture-story writing, describing a view and reporting a book presented in the following sections.
Writing a composition
According to Lavasani (2008), the advantages of this task, the way it was taught to the autonomous group (as described earlier) would be:
increasing the level of motivation and confidence
evaluating and assessing their own writing
practicing learners' independence of the instructor
increasing collaborative learning (working together to create a product)
improving writing proficiency of learners
On the other hand, the non-autonomous group would neither work together nor had any choices of selecting the topic of their compositions. They wrote compositions about the topic which was chosen by the researcher. If they had problems, they received help.
Picture story writing
According to Lavasani (2008), the advantages of this task, the way it was taught to the autonomous group (as described earlier) would be:
stopping learners being afraid of criticism or of exposing themselves
increasing learners' pace of fluency in writing
taking charge of their own learning
encouraging the chance of working together which would promote autonomy
promoting the sense of creation in learners by setting up their own goals and plans for self-directed learning
Unlike the autonomous group, the non-autonomous group did not have any choices of selecting pictures. They wrote stories about the pictures that they had been given. They did not work in pairs or groups. Each learner wrote one story independently. The task was completely managed by the researcher to make sure that the element of autonomy was absent. In this task, the stories were corrected after the learners had finished them.
Describing a view
According to Lavasani (2008), the advantages of this task, the way it was taught to the autonomous group (as described earlier) would be:
· increasing learners' involvement in their learning process
· providing chance for the learners to work cooperatively
· practicing depending on themselves and creating different materials
· creating an opportunity for all the learners to improve their writing ability.
· promoting learners' transcendence so they would move beyond classroom and set for their independent learning
On the other hand, in the non-autonomous group they did not have the chance of selecting their favorite views. A view was selected by the researcher and each person was asked to write about it independently.
Reporting a book
According to Lavasani (2008), the advantages of this task, the way it was taught to the autonomous group (as described earlier) would be:
• increasing learners' awareness about learning strategies and objectives
• providing chances for all the learners for being involved in learning
• practicing being independent of their instructor and at the same time improving self -confidence
Unlike the autonomous group, the non-autonomous group did not have the chance of selecting their favorite books. One book which they had recently read was selected for them. She asked them to write the book reports individually. If they had any problems in writing them, they received help. In this way, the task would be done in the absence of autonomy.
Subsequent to the completion of the treatment, another writing test as a post- test with the same structure of the pre-test (a combination of writing notes or e-mails, responding to an invitation and a letter or story writing) was conducted to both groups.
Results
Prior to discussing the results, it should be noted that the design of this study was experimental with a pre-test, the treatment for the autonomous (experimental) group which was the writing tasks. They were taught and practiced to them in order to enable them to take charge of their own learning and at the same time develop their autonomy. However, the non-autonomous (control) group practiced the tasks in the traditional way, without learner autonomy. It had also a post-test. The effects of independent variable (practicing autonomy) on the dependent variable (writing proficiency) were tested by the researcher.
Inter-rater consistency for the Pre-test
To check the reliability of the writing section of PET which was used as a pre-test, the researcher calculated the correlation between the two raters.
Table 1. Inter-rater consistency of the pre-test.
Correlation
RATER2
RATER1
Pearson Correlation
.900(**)
.900(**)
Sig. (2-tailed)
.
.000
N
92
92
As the table shows, the correlation between the two ratings came out to be statistically significant at the 0.01 level of significant (r= 0.90); and when put in the formula given by Henning (1987, p.83), the inter-rater reliability (rtt) was found to be 0.94.
Inter-rater consistency for the Post-test
To check the reliability of the writing section of PET which was used as a post-test, the researcher calculated the correlation between the two raters.
Table 2. Inter-rater Consistency for the Post-test
Correlation
Rater2
Rater1
Pearson Correlation
.951(**)
.951(**)
Sig. (2-tailed)
.
.000
N
60
60
As the table shows, the correlation between the two ratings came out to be statistically significant at the 0.01 level of significance (r = 0.95) and when put in the formula given by Henning (1987, p.83), the inter-rater reliability (rtt) was found to be 0.97.
Homogenizing the participants
Table 3. Descriptive Statistics of PET
Regarding the results, the mean of the scores for 92 participants came out to be 4.44 and the standard deviation came out to be 2.007. So, to homogenize the participants those whose scores fell one standard deviation above and below the mean (i.e., between 6.451 and 2.437) out of 10, participated in the study. This resulted in 60 participants who were divided into two groups of autonomous and non-autonomous.
Normality of the Pretest
Table 4. Normality of the Pretest
Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova
Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic
df
Sig.
Statistic
df
Sig.
pretest
.114
60
.049
.944
60
.008
Before starting the treatment, the researcher checked the normality of the pretest to see whether the samples were normally distributed at each group or not. According to the table, the results were not statistically significant at the 0.05 level (df = 60 p= 0.008<0.05). As the sample in the pretest was not normal, the parametric tests were not appropriate and the researcher used the non-parametric alternative to the t-test which was Mann-whitney.
Mann-whitney
Table 5. Mann -Whitney
According to the table, the results were not statistically significant at the 0.05 level (p= 0.9>0.05). So, there was not a significant difference between the autonomous and non-autonomous groups.
Normality of the Post-test
Table 6. Normality of the Post-test
Kolmogorov-Smirnova
Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic
df
Sig.
Statistic
df
Sig.
total posttest
.082
60
.200*
.981
58
.473
Before running the t-test, the researcher checked the normality of the post-test to see whether the samples were normally distributed at each group or not. According to the table, the results were statistically significant at the 0.05 level (df = 60 p= 0.473>0.05). As the sample in the post-test was normal, the researcher used t-test.
Independent t-test of the Post-test
Table 7.Independent t-test of the Post-test
According to table, the results of the t- test indicated that at the 0.05 level of significance there was a significant difference between the mean rank of the non-autonomous group and that of the autonomous group on the writing post-test ( N1= 30, N2= 30, P=.000 < 0.05). In other words, the writing proficiency of the non-autonomous and autonomous groups differed significantly at the end of the treatment period, (i.e., mean rank of non-autonomous group= 4.00 and mean rank of autonomous group= 6.10).
Conclusion
There has recently been a proliferation of studies investigating the impact of autonomy on different fields and language skills (see for example, Murry, 1999; Thang, 2001, 2003&2005; Lavasani 2008).
In this study, the impact of practicing autonomy on the writing ability was investigated. The result indicated that practicing autonomy had a significant impact on the writing achievement of the EFL subjects at the intermediate level of language proficiency. The autonomous group outperformed the non-autonomous group.
The result of this study is in accordance with the view that developing some degree of autonomy is essential if learners are to become effective language users (cited in Littlewood, 1996; Nunan, 1995; Breen, 1984). Knowles (1975, as cited in Naizhao & Yanling 2008, p. 13) has stated this point expressively:
"There is convincing evidence that people who take the initiative in learning, learn more things and learn better than do people who sit at the feet of teachers, passively waiting to be taught". However, these findings, of course, were related to the population that the researcher had experimented with, which may not be generalizable to other participants elsewhere.
References
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and students'reactions. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of Essex.
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language pedagogy, second edition. NY: Pearson Education.
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Knowles, M.(1975). Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. T teachers. New York: Cambridge, the Adult Education Company.
Lavasani, M . (2008). The impact of autonomy on the oral proficiency of ranian I Iranian Intermediate EFL learners. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Islamic Azad
University, Central Branch, Tehran.
Littlewood, W.(1996) .Autonomy: An anatomy and a framework. C System, 24, 427- 435.
Murray, G.(1999). The effect of autonomy, technology, and language- learning in in an ESL immersion program. Retrieved May 17, 2010, from http: http://www.tc.columbia.edu/tesol/webjournal/
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Thang, S.( 2001 ).Investigating readiness for autonomy: A comparison of
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About the Author
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Tamil Buddhists and Terrorism
Tamil Buddhists and Terrorism
Nagadeepa Purana Vihara or Nainativu is a shining example of inter racial harmony in Srilanka. Nagadeepa situated in Jaffna district in Northern Province of Srilanka. This had been improved at various stages and ever since it has become the most sanctified place of worship by the devotees. Stupa at the temple was constructed by the two warring Naga kings, Chulodara and Mahodara, at the site where Lord Buddha during His second visit to Lanka, five years after attaining Enlightenment intervened and mediated in settling a dispute over the possession of a gem-studded throne. This precious throne was offered to the Buddha, was returned to the Naga Kings and was later enshrined in this stupa. This chaitya the Nagadeepa Seya is supposed to be one of the 16 most sacred places to be worshipped by Buddhists in Sri Lanka. History records that it was developed and reconstructed by pious kings like Devanampiyatissa, Dutugemunu and converted into a fully accomplished sacred place. According to the golden Sannasa Wallipuram, committed to writing during the reign of king Vasabha, it is the present Jaffna Peninsula that was identified as Nagadeepa. Nagadeepa puarana viharaya secured with Tamil Buddhists and also Tamils more than thousands of years which clearly can contrast with the terrorist's activities of last decades.
The Palk Strait which lies between Tamil Nadu and Sri Lankan land masses is seen as a divider, separating two different distinct ethnicities, religions, cultures and political entities. But there was a phase in history, between the early years of the Christian era and the 14th century, when Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka enjoyed very close ties, thanks to a shared interest in Buddhism. In Srilankan history there are number of evidences about Tamil Buddhist, who had been very actively deed in religious works of the society as same as the economical and political affairs. That the association of Buddhist Tamils links with Tamil Nadu goes back a long way. In 637 AD, when Hiuen Tsang landed in Kanchipuram, he recorded more than 100 monasteries and over 10,000 Buddhist monks in Pallava country. It is rich in classical Tamil literature too. Three of the five great epics of ancient Tamil are Buddhist. One of these is Manimekalai. According to it the chief protagonist Manimekalai visits an island called "Manipallavam." She worships at a Buddhist shrine (putha peedikai) there. It is believed that Nagadeepa is Manipallavam. Therefore we can believe that, as a Buddhists and also as an excellent Tamil, many Tamils were in perspective to protect and conserve the Buddhist heritage.
Nagadeepa was named as a protected archaeological site under the antiquity ordinance, No 09 of 1940 and the amendment,No 24 of 1998. There are more than 20 other listed sites around the Nagadeepa viharaya in Jaffna peninsula, according to the report that sent to the UNESCO in 1983, by the president of the Conference of Buddhists association in government cooperation's. From the 1890, all these sites have been managed under the authority of department of Archaeology in Srilanka. However, many archaeological surveys also had been done by the department of archaeology in the University of Jaffna. Recently the Jaffna peninsula is in under the military supervision to prevent the terrorist activities and to keep peace. Still there are minimum transportation facilities to the district and security problems, therefore observation of the department of archaeology not directed for last two decades.
Within last century many Tamil historians define the Srilanka history as completely Tamil, what make Sinhalese instigate to against this writings and to protect Buddhist monuments as a Sinhala heritage. Especially similar to this, Sinhala Buddhist concept was broadly highlighted by many historians. Fear of 'Sinhala-Buddhist expansion' was course to immerge a notorious response among some Tamils. A more extreme act was the destruction of ancient Buddhist sites by the born blind natives and terrorists. The Tamils were worried about Buddhist sites and shrines being discovered in the north-east. This was because that they erroneously believed if proof of a Buddhist presence in the north-east will erode the Tamil rights to habitation in those regions. Particular reason is, in Sri Lankan context some believe that Buddhism was linked only to the Sinhalese. This intention makes worse the political crisis in between the ethnics groups of Srilanka.
These fears and concerns were due to lack of knowledge. The Tamils had at one point of history been Buddhists and the discovery of Buddhist links was something to be resented by some groups.
Therefore, terrorism had got more powerful and since 1950s many violent incidents had been occurred around the Nagadeepa area. In 1958, communal groups converged on Nagadeepa and attacked the vihara in the absence of the priest. The ancient statue of the Buddha was destroyed. In 1986, two Tiger recruits from the Nainatheevu Island laid underwater explosives along the jetty. Again in 1990, LTTE attempt to drive away the small Muslim population at Nainatheevu. In this last two incidents incumbent monk of the Nagadeepa viharaya, Venerable Brahmanawatte Dhammakiththi Tissa Mahanayaka Thera was succeed to protect the people. Now the war have been ended, and like to wish be it forever. This is the period for regaining the lost dignity of Buddhists. Time is for the real patriot Buddhists to do something for one Sri Lanka. Archaeological heritage can use as the path way to freedom and peace. It is glad to say current government now correcting the past unfortunate things which push Buddha's country to turmoil. Specially by create constitutional and administrative structures that reflect the multi-ethnic character of Sri Lanka. Also there is a requirement to take the country away from the myths that Sri Lanka is a Tamil country from the ancient periods and it is a Sinhala- Buddhist country.
Archaeology should use as the pathway to the unity of the nation. One practical method is to organize the free work camps at the Archaeological sites with the participation of Sinhalese, Tamils and Muslims, with the assistance of the academic institutes, rural organizations and religious Centers. With the help of the same village level organizations, institutions can organize visits to places of historical importance, ruins etc. for a better understand the culture and civilization of various ethnic religious groups. Re-establish links to the North, East, South and West of Sri Lanka by road, rail and air and also should develop the sea route. Ports in the North and East should be developed in Kankasanturai, Pt. Pedro, and Mannar. One of the main requests voiced by the politicians and residents of Jaffna was the re-opening of the Kandy-Jaffna road or A-9 main supply road which is now on work with strength of Mr. Basil Rajapaksa.
There is some sort of debate about the first dwellers of Jaffna and its surrounding regions. In here I believe we must make these discussions close down. Let such topics limit into the scholarly studies but please not take them in to the politics. Now there are no miner nations in Sri Lanka any more. Our Tamil brothers and sisters are also the care takers of the dignity of Sri Lanka. This is our country. No matter you is a Buddhist, Hindu or Catholic. Let take back Sri Lanka to the prosperity with our heritage and religious unity. Period of terrorism is ended. It is time to Tamil Buddhist.
About the Author
Full name - THilanka Manoj Siriwardana Age - 24 Educational background - archaeology (special) honors, 1st class degree, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka, Research areas - Environmental archaeology, Tomb stones of British period, Primitive arts and traditions,
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Optimum Applications And Reporting Tools For Growing Businesses
Some of those most critical tools are software such as word processing, spreadsheet, customer relationship management (CRM), data analysis, and database programs. An adequate server for the company's network and housing of applications is also important.
Word processing software provides the business user with all of the basic letter, report, and marketing writing capabilities for day-to-day internal and external communications and should be the foundation of any business computer system. Modern word processing programs are simple to use and provide great tools for automatic editing of produced work. Produced files can be saved to the user's computer system, printed, uploaded to the Internet, or even emailed directly from the application window.
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Alongside word processing software and the other programs explored here, a spreadsheet program is generally the second-most utilised application. The functionality of spreadsheet programs often include direct communication with word processing software, so produced spreadsheets, charts, graphs, and databases can be applied to word processing documents.
CRM Software (customer relationship management) provides the user with a virtual history of every aspect of their business relationship with clients or customers. These programs can also serve as gateways to access customer intelligence to provide the business with insight into how individual and collective groups of customers may be better served. CRM programs provide a wide array of reports with simple mouse clicks and remind users of important tasks and deadlines for customer relations objectives.
Data analysis applications are used within a company to highlight useful information, suggest conclusions and support decision making. This type of program is utilised for business intelligence, statistics, predictive analytics and more information gathering for specialised purposes and reporting. Data analytics are very useful for business reporting, as they can aid in development of a report direction, the company's position within that report, and forecasting for growth and expectations.
Database programs are primarily utilised for grouping of information into logical collections. In small to medium sized business, database programs are often used for tracking of inventory, contact information and lists (such as for a mailing list), and grouping of other files for easy access, collaboration and reporting. Spreadsheet programs are frequently also utilised for databases, although database-specific applications offer a more user-friendly environment for its purpose and more thorough reporting.
As companies grow and develop, their computer environment generally must transition from individual desktops and laptops to those operating from a central server which houses the programs and applications necessary for day to day business.
From this server, all of the company's employee computers are networked, thus allowing the computers, users, and programs to communicate and share files with little effort. This centralisation of programs and communication provides the business with the ability to streamline its operations, better manage programs and files, and to frequently and easily back up files company-wide.
Server software may also be utilised for tracking and reporting of literally all computer activity within the business and serves as an excellent automatic record-keeper of that activity.
In report building and file sharing, a server environment is ideal, as the users can save relative files in a location on the server where everyone working on a report or database can access the files as needed.
About the Author
Information technology is important in any business and with advances in CRM Software, word processing softwareand server software you can provide your business with the best possible data analysis to keep your customers happy.
Data Analysis and Report Writing Part 1
data analysis and report writing data analysis and report writing data analysis and report writing
writing analytical reports"writing analytical reports" What is a 'REPORT'? 10 POINTS!!!!!!?
See, my teacher asked me to write a report. Does a report have to have a certain structure, as with Analytical essays and Narratives, or is is just information on ONE subject written in any way? PLEASE HELP 10 POINTS!!!
A report has three parts:
Introduction- Introduce the topic, and have a general statement on the topic. eg. Dinosaurs have been extinct for approx. 65 million years.
Middle or Body Section- Explain your points and go into detail about certain aspects of the topic. Split this body section into a few paragraphs, just like you would in a narrative. Take a new paragraph for each new idea.
Conclusion- Sum up what you have talked about in one ending paragraph, this paragraph concludes the report. You can include your point of view in the conclusion. eg. After stating all my points, i believe that dinosaurs became extinct because of _____________.
The structure can vary but that is the basic structure a report should follow. It is a bit like an analytical essay, but less lengthy and detailed, you can also include you point of view in reports.
Writing an e-book can be extremely beneficial for you as a small business owner. You can use the four steps below as a guide when writing your own e-book. Please remember that there are many ways and means of accomplishing a project such as this. In our experience these steps work well.
As a business owner, writing an e-book can be a great marketing tool. e-books make great free giveaways on your website as a way to provide value to your visitors, as well as providing the world with an easily transportable e-package for others to pass along, far beyond your own network.
Here are a few advantages of writing an e-book: 1. It's a natural extension of your oral or other written information. 2. It's a piece of you, your passion, your significant and valuable message. 3. It adds credibility, prestige, even fame! 4. It's fairly easy to produce. 5. It can be produced for a small cost. 6. It will bring you great profits! 7. It brings you a monthly cash flow. 8. It will bring you endless enjoyment and fun! 9. It gives you all the profits. 10. It gives you the freedom to market your valuable information right at your home office website to maintain focus on your topic.
Step 1 Deciding what to write about.
First and foremost, it must be a topic you are knowledgeable and passionate about. After that, consider the following in developing your ideas: Information that is time-sensitive or subject to change will likely to do well in e-book format. For example, an e-book on Search Engine Optimization is likely to be more suitable to electronic format than print. Search engines change all the time and by the time a book is put into print, the information may be outdated.
Information that satisfies an immediate need or impulse should sell well. This could be an e-book on soothing a colicky infant, for example. The above two points are not essential to writing a successful e-book, but will certainly go a long way to help in your plan on how to write an e-book.
The following formats are popular when writing an e-book as a marketing tool. "How to" Take some of the programs or workshops you've developed on how to do something and turn it into an e-book. People want immediate solutions to their problems, so making it situational rather than generic is key.
Special Report or White Paper A special report displays, informs, or reports on something. This is great for people who want the current thinking on a particular topic. You could do a series of special reports on your areas of expertise. It's a great marketing tool.
"The Secret Of..." This approach seems to add wisdom to whatever you disclose in your book. It's basically the "inside" way to get something done. "Principles of..." If you've got a list of items, you may want to package it like this - including examples and stories to convey your point. You are crystallizing your opinions basically, and that seems to reinforce them in some way.
"Chicken Soup for the Soul" type series This is a compilation of stories that make your point for you. They revolve around a common theme. Your R&D Team can be a great source of these stories.
Step 2 Do your research and develop your content. Don't start typing until you've done your research. Will people be willing to pay for your information? Is it readily available elsewhere? If it is, could you approach the subject to reach a particular niche?
Useful ways of developing content for your e-book are as follows: Interviewing an expert by phone. Conducting a 4, 8, or 12 session tele-class. Starting an ecourse. Hosting an expert discussion on your topic. Deciding to become a leading expert on your topic. Sharing what you already know.
Step 3 Packaging & Pricing
Putting It Together The most common format for e-books is a PDF file. There are other software packages with wonderful features that you can purchase to create e-books. However, these often don't operate on certain operating systems or have other limitations. Click here for e-book software reviews.
What are some possible formats? Adobe ebook. Adopt PDF Gemstar ebook Hiebook HTML Microsoft Reader Microsoft Word mobiPocket PalmOS plain text
How Much Should You Charge? It really depends on the quality of the information you provide. You could have a long or short e-book, but that's not the ultimate decision maker. Have a few friends or colleagues read the e-book. Make sure they are interested in the topic and ask them how much they would pay.You should also consider giving your e-book away for free. This is a great way of introducing yourself as an expert to potential customers.
Step 4 Marketing of your e-book
First, get a website. You can put the e-book on your existing website if it relates to your current website topic. If it isn't related, start a new one.
Establish yourself as an expert in the topic. Write and distribute articles that promote it in the byline. For a list of possible places to submit your articles click here.- Participate in forums, moderate chats or run online seminars on the topic- Solicit interviews from other related websites, magazines, radio stations, etc. Allow them to read a complimentary copy of the e-book before agreeing to interview you. Offer to answer questions from their readers or listeners.
Offer a free email course or free e-book teaser to promote it for sale. Be careful here. I have seen a number of people use this technique very poorly, including some so-called Internet gurus
Of course, you don't want to give away all your great ideas, but make sure your free offer does provide valuable information. If there is nothing valuable, how will someone trust you enough to actually make a purchase from you?
Encourage those who have read the e-book to write reviews. You can post them on your site and they can also post them on sites where book reviews are allowed.
Create an affiliate program that people will be dying to join and promote.
About the Author
Learn more at http://www.my1stbusiness.com/sales-letter/landing2.htm Ben Botes MSc. MBA, is an Entrepreneur, Speaker, Writer, Coach and academic. He is the founder of My1stBusiness.com, South African Business Hubs Join the My1stbusiness.com Reseller Program and earn 40% referral commission http://www.my1stbusiness.com/affiliate
Read Ben's Blog at http://www.my1stbusiness.com/weblog
Hiring Reform Roll Out Part 2
situational writing report format situational writing report format situational writing report format
web reports"web reports" Do you know where to find free web analytics reports?
looking to find statistics for typical KPI metrics for ecommerce sites, industry averages (e.g. conversion rates by industry) to compare my site vs industry standards. Thanks!
google has one. sign up with them, https://www.google.com/analytics/
It was reported that the great American author Sinclair Lewis was once asked to give a lecture on writing to a group of college students: "Looking out at this gathering," he said to the assembled students, "makes me want to know how many of you really and truly wish to become writers?" Every hand in the room went up. Lewis looked at them for a moment and then folded his notes and put them away. "If that's true," he said, "then the best advice I can give you is to go home and start writing." He then turned and left the room.
If the first secret of writing is to write and if you've set up some sort of writing schedule, the next step is to figure out what to write.
Opening a brand new file and looking at a blank screen often results in a kind of brain-freeze; we feel as idea-less as the empty screen we're staring at. Writing exercises can help us thaw our idea bank. The goal of a writing exercise is to open your mind and allow you to hone your skills and experiment. The joy of such an exercise is it's not 'for real.' That is, there's no thought of pleasing an editor or finding a publisher or meeting a deadline or getting paid. You're just writing, with your internal editor turned off.
Some freelancers find writing exercises so effective and freeing they actually begin every writing session with a 10 or 15-minute exercise. Others use them more sporadically. But however you do it, writing exercises will help you with your writing. Use writing exercises in your writing schedule, as a natural part of your writing discipline; use the exercises often and watch your writing improve.
Ideally, a writing exercise is short, requiring you to spend no more than 10 or 15 minutes writing, thinking and feeling about something that's unrelated to the rest of your writing work. In a way, they are like mini-meditations and mini-vacations because they clear out the cobwebs and give you a new view.
It's that new view, that different way of seeing, of expressing, that's the key to a good writing exercise. Naturally, not every exercise blows your mind every time. Sometimes you are just not ready for the challenge presented, but even then, the seed is planted. Sometimes you are simply not up for doing a writing exercise, which is okay too. Again, simply reading can set some new thoughts in motion.
Every coin has two sides – head and tail, similarly there are two kinds of people living in this world good and bad. Some become famous by doing good deeds and some through bad deeds.
There are different stages of Human Life Cycle and each needs to be understand as it present before us the different challenges that how the status of mind of the native changes under different circumstances and how he is able to handle those critical situations under different circumstances.
This is one such horoscope of a native who become famous in the world through his Bad deeds and is known by the name OSAMA BIN LADEN.
THIS HOROSCOPE HAS BEEN ANALYSED THROUGH DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES USED FOR ANALYSIS AND STUDYING OF TRANSIT OF JUPITER AND SATRUN, DIVISIONAL CHARTS, INTERLINKING CHARTS, SUDARSHAN CHAKRA, MAHA DASHA ETC.
IN THIS REPORT IMPACT AND ASPECT OF TRANSIT SATURN IS PRESENTED IN THE SIMPLEST FORM SO THAT THE COMMAN MAN CAN EASILY ABLE TO UNDERSTAND IT THROUGH THE HELP OF ASTROLOGY SOFTWARE.
FUNCTIONING OF TRANSIT OF SATURN AND JUPITER IN NATAL CHART IS DIFFERENT FROM EACH DIVISIONAL CHARTS AND SUDARSHAN CHAKRA (KCD) WHICH IS ALSO DIFFERENT FROM D9 X D10 INTERLINKING CHARTS.
INTERLINKING CHARTS, SUDARSHAN CHAKRA (KCD), NAKSHATRA AND DIVISIONAL CHARTS ARE USED FOR THE ANALYSIS AND THE STUDY OF THE EVENTS.
ANALYSIS IS PRESENTED IN THE BOLD AND UNDERLINE LETTERS.
Name – Osama Bin Laden
Date of Birth – 10 – 03 – 1957, Time of Birth – 10:58am, Place of Birth – Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)
Profession – Every one Knows
Planet of Date of Birth – Sun
Planet of Time of Birth – Moon
Sun and Moon are the important parts of KCD.
For Taurus Lagna (Ascendant) of NatalChart
Benefic Planets – Mercury, Venus, and Saturn
Malefic Planets – Moon, Jupiter
Neutral Planets – Sun
Marak Planet– Mars
Badhak Planet – Saturn
Badhaksthana – 9th house (Capricorn)
Most Malefic Planet (MMP) – Jupiter
Western Astrological Particulars
Sun Sign (Western) – Pisces
Decanate – 2
Moon Sign (Western) – Cancer
Ascendant Sign (Western) – Gemini
Term Lord of Sun– Mercury
Term Lord of Moon – Mars
Term Exchange – None
Glimpse of His life through the support of astrological analysis mentioned below:
THE BEGINNINGS
Born in 1957 for Syrian mother, Osama bin Laden was the seventh son among fifty brothers and sisters.
BIN LADEN, THE FATHER
His father Mohammed Awad bin Laden came to the kingdom from Hadramout (South Yemen) sometime around 1930. The father started his life as a very poor laborer (porter in Jeddah port), to end up as owner of the biggest construction company in the kingdom. During the reign of King Saud, bin Laden the father became very close to the royal family when he took the risk of building King Saud's palaces much cheaper than the cheapest bid. He impressed King Saud with his performance but he also built good relations with other members of the royal family, especially Faisal. During the Saud-Faisal conflict in the early sixties, bin Laden the father had a big role in convincing King Saud to step down in favor of Faisal. After Saud's departure the treasury was empty and bin Laden was so supportive to King Faisal that he literally paid the civil servants' wages of the whole kingdom for six months. King Faisal then issued a decree that all construction projects should go to bin Laden. Indeed, he was appointed for a period as the minister of public works.
In 1969 the father took the task of rebuilding Al-Aqsa mosque after the fire incident. Interestingly the bin Laden family say that they have the credit of building all the three mosques, because later on their company took over the task of major extension in Mecca and Medina mosques.
The father was fairly devoted Muslim, very humble and generous. He was so proud of the bag he used when he was a porter that he kept it as a trophy in the main reception room in his palace. The father used to insist on his sons to go and manage some projects themselves.
The father had very dominating personality. He insisted to keep all his children in one premises. He had a tough discipline and observed all the children with strict religious and social code. He maintained a special daily program and obliged his children to follow. At the same time the father was entertaining with trips to the sea and desert. He dealt with his children as big men and demanded them to show confidence at young age. He was very keen not to show any difference in the treatment of his children. –Jupiter and Sun exchange their Nakshatra. Sun Significator of Father. In his chart Sun is in 10th house of deeds and 9th house of ancestors becomes the sign of Capricorn (Saturn – the lord of 9th house) giving indication of discipline life lead by the Father. In his chart Sun is the lord of 4th house (Family) and is placed in the 10th house of deeds. In Natural Zodiac Sun is the natural significator of 9thhouse + Saturn is significator of discipline thus giving the glimpse about the nature and disciplined life of his father and his love towards his children.
EARLY LIFE, SCHOOL AND MARRIAGE
Osama was exposed very early on his age to this experience but he lost his father when he was 13 –As per my system of calculation of Transit of Saturn. I have presented here the simplest form (instead of technical and complex form which I used for study) of Saturn transit. I observed that Transit Saturn was in the Lagna (Ascendant) with Mars when Osama lost his father. Transit Saturn in Taurus ascendant placed with its enemy Mars having its 10th aspect on the 10th house of deeds (Where Sun = Father is posited). Mars in the Natalchart having its 8th aspect on the house of death thus giving indication that Transit Saturn has activated the NatalMars through its aspect. The result is that Osama father died when he was 13 years of age.
He married at the age of 17 to a Syrian girl who was a relative. He grew up as religiously committed boy and the early marriage was another factor of protecting him from corruption –When he was 17 years of his age transit Saturn was in the 5th house of previous birth deeds thus after analysis of his previous birth deeds – Saturn activated the Natal Lord Jupiter + This transit Saturn through its 3rd aspect on the house of marriage activated this house + Transit Saturn having 7th aspect on the 11th house of fulfillment of desire + Through its 10th aspect on the 2nd house giving indication of an addition of a new member in the family through first marriage of the native + Lord Jupiter in the 5th house has its 9th aspect on the Lord Mars (Mars is the Lord of 7th house and Jupiter is the Natural significator of Marriage). Thus with help of Transit Saturn Osama married at the age of 17.
Osama had his primary, secondary and even university education in Jeddah. He had a degree in public administration 1981 from King Abdul-Aziz University in Jeddah. Countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Syria,Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Sudan are the only countries he has been to. All stories of trips to Switzerland, Philippines, and London are all unfounded –In 1981 Transit Saturn in Natal Chart got debilitated in the 12th house of foreign countries + Transit Saturn in D – 24 chart was in Libra sign (10th house) with Lord Jupiter having 3rd aspect on the 12th house of foreign Countries + 7th aspect on the 4thhouse of education where Sun is placed in its exalted sign and 10th aspect on the 7th house of Sign Cancer (In natural Zodiac Cancer is the sign of family and education) where Rahu and Ketu is placed + Jupiter and Sun is natural significator of the subject Public Administration.
STRUCTURING HIS MENTALITY
In addition to the general Islamic commitment he started forming an Islamic responsibility at early age. His father used to host hundreds of pilgrims during Hajj season from all over the world. Some of those were senior Islamic scholars or leaders of Muslim movements. This habit went on even after his father's death through his elder brothers. He used to make good contacts and relations through those gatherings – Please note that 9th house is the house of Religious activity and its lord Saturn is the friend of Ascendant Lord Taurus + Sun being the natural significator of Father is placed in the 10th house (Aquarius Sign) and the lord of 10th house is Saturn thus giving indications of father and son relationships with each other is of positive attitude towards religious activities.
At secondary school and university he adopted the main trend of many educated Muslims at that time,Muslim Brotherhood. There was a collection of Muslim scholars in Jeddah and Mecca at that period. There was nothing extraordinary in his personality and that trend was rather very non-confrontational. Interestingly, the 1980 raid in the Grand Mosque in Mecca was not appealing to him, neither the theology nor that group. He had two distinguished teachers in Islamic studies, which was a compulsory subject in the university. First was Abdullah Azzam who became later as one of the big names in Afghanistan and the second was Mohammed Quttub, a famous Islamic writer and philosopher – In 1980 Transit Saturn was in the 11th house of guidelines of Religious court of Law having 3rd aspect on the Ascendant (House of Brain / Mind) + 5th aspect on the House of Previous deeds where Jupiter is placed thus through its aspect Jupiter gets activated and Jupiter 5th aspect over 9th house of Luck, Religion, Religious books etc. gets activated. Thus through Saturn and Jupiter aspects giving indications that his brain (Ascendant) starts activated to think and react on the critical issues. Please note that as per Law of Astrology (A new idea and concept in astrology which I am working write now) Jupiter opposition Saturn means they are giving official approval of certain activities to take place in the coming time following all the guidelines of religious court of law taken into consideration all his previous birth good and bad deeds.
Jupiter and Transit Saturn placement and aspect over houses giving indications of about the different areas of life cycle discussed and approved in respect of the different events to take place in the life of the native from time to time.
Jupiter being the malefic planet of Taurus Ascendant and the lord of the 8th house after analysis of his previous birth deeds and having aspect over Mars and Ascendant (Brain) and Mars being the Lord of 7th house of foreign partnerships and 12th house of foreign country thus giving indications that as per his bad deeds in the previous birth he will engaged in certain bad activities in foreign countries for which he will be held responsible for the death of the innocent lives.
AFGHANISTAN, THE FIRST ENCOUNTER
The first encounter with Afghanistan was as early as the first two weeks of Soviet invasion. He went toPakistan and was taken by his hosts Jamaat Islami from Karachi to Peshawar to see the refugees and meet some leaders. Some of those leaders like Rabbani and Sayyaf were common faces to him because he met them during Hajj gatherings that trip which was [a] secret trip lasted for almost a month and was an exploratory rather than action trip. He went back to the kingdom and started lobbying with his brothers, relatives and friends at the school to support the mujahedeen. He succeeded in collecting huge amount of money and material as donations to jihad. He made another trip to take this material. He took with him few Pakistanis and Afghanis who were working in bin Laden Company for more than ten years. Again, he did not stay more than a month the trip was to Pakistan and the border only and was not to Afghanistan.
He went on collecting money and going in short trips once or twice a year until 1982 – Thus his Major activity period starts when Saturn was in the 11th house (1980). Please not that Placement of negative Mars in the negative sign Taurus in Ascendant (Brain) and having aspect of Transit Saturn giving indication of about the crucial activities undertaken by the Osama.
INSIDE, AFGHANISTAN
In 1982 he decided to go inside Afghanistan. He brought with him plenty of the construction machinery and put them at the disposal of the mujahedeen. He started spending more and more time in Afghanistanoccasionally joining actual battles but not in an organized manner. His presence was encouraging to more Saudis to come but the numbers were still small at that period. – In 1982 Transit Saturn was in the Ascendant with Mars (Planet of Logic) having its 10th aspect on the house of Deeds thus giving support to the planet of energy and other planets to work at the fullest.
THE GUEST HOUSE
In 1984 he had one further step in strengthening his presence in Afghanistan by establishing the guesthouse in Peshawar (Baitul'ansar). That house was supposed to be the first station of Arab mujahedeen when they come to Afghanistan before going to the front or start training. At that period Osama did not have his own command or training camps. He used to send the newcomers to one of the Afghan factions.
The guesthouse establishment was coinciding with the formation of Jihad Service Bureau by Abdullah Azzam in Peshawar. The Bureau was very active in terms of media, publications and charity work. The Bureau publications were important in attracting more Saudis and Arabs to Afghanistan. – Please note that in 1984 transit Saturn was in the 3rd house of Communication and Media thus giving indication that during this period activities related to media relations becomes more active in relation to the native's work.
THE CAMPS
In 1986 Osama decided to have his own camps inside Afghanistan and within two years he built more than six camps. Some were mobilized more than once. He decided to have his own front and to run his own battles with his own command. Among the Arab fighters he had, there were senior Arab ex-military men fromSyria and Egypt with good military experience. The story of the guesthouse and the camps was very attractive for more Arab mujahedeen to come and there was a significant surge in their numbers at that period –Please note that transit Saturn in 1986 was in the 5th house of Previous deeds with the Lord Jupiter having 3rd aspect on the (Scorpio Sign) 7th house of relationships / foreign partnerships + 7th aspect on the 11th house of fulfillment of desire + Jupiter is the lord of 8thhouse of suicide bombings, blast, killings, weapons, etc. and Jupiter being the malefic planet of Taurus Lagna was placed in the 5th house in Natal chart + As seen from 8th house you will observed that 5th house becomes 10th house of deeds of the Native and the presence of the Transit Saturn giving indications of the activities going on during this period.
In addition to many exchanges of fire and small operations, the first major battle he had face to face with the Soviet army with pure Arab personnel was the battle of Jaji in the province of Baktia 200 kilometers away from Khost. From then until 1989 he had more than five major battles with hundreds of small operations and exchanges of fire. During the period 1984-1989 he was staying more in Afghanistan than Saudi Arabia. He would spend a total of eight months a year or more in Afghanistan. –Please note that Transit Saturn in 1987 was in the 6th house of enemies having its 3rd aspect on the 8th house of death, blast, killings, wars, suicide bombings etc. In Mundane astrology 7th house is also related to the house of wars + In his Natal Chart Mars the lord of 7th house (Scorpio sign) is placed in the Ascendant having its 8th aspect on the 8th house of killings, fighting's, blast etc. In Natal chart Venus is placed in the 10th house of deeds (and 10th house lord is Saturn) thus transit Saturn giving indications that during transit in the 6th house – 6th house of enemies becomes the Sign Libra (House of War in Natural Zodiac) where Rahu is placed and Rahu is having 5th aspect over Venus which is in close conjunction with Mercury + Rahu, Ketu and Saturn is having identical degrees with the ascendant where Mars is placed thus these parameters giving strong indication of more than five major battles with hundreds of small operations and exchanges of fire took place during 1986 – 1989.
AL – QAE'DAH
In 1988 he noticed that he was backward in his documentation and was not able to give answers to some families asking about their loved ones gone missing in Afghanistan. He decided to make the matter much more organized and arranged for proper documentation. He made a tracking record of the visitors, be they mujahedeen or charity or simple visitors. Their movement between the guesthouse and the camps had to be recorded as well as their first arrival and final departure. The whole complex was then termed Al-Qa'edah which is an Arabic word meaning "The Base." Al-Qa'edah was very much public knowledge. It was funny to see some people triumphing because they discovered it!
BACK TO THE KINGDOM
Late 1989 after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, he went to the kingdom in an ordinary trip. There he was banned from travel and was trapped in the kingdom. The Soviet withdrawal might have been a factor but the main reasons for the travel ban were his intentions to start a new "front" of jihad in South Yemen. In addition, he embarrassed the regime by lectures and speeches warning of impending invasion by Saddam. At that time the regime was at very good terms with Saddam. He was instructed officially to keep low profile and not to give public talks. Despite the travel ban he was not hostile to regime at this stage. Indeed he presented a written advice in the form of a detailed, personal, private and confidential letter to the king few weeks before the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait –All these activities giving indications about the Saturn in 1989 was in the 8th house having its 3rd aspect on the 10th house of deeds thus giving major boost to the house of deeds and the activities during this time period.
AFTER THE IRAQI INVASION
He reacted swiftly to Iraqi invasion and saw it fulfilling his prophecy. He immediately forwarded another letter to the king suggesting in detail how to protect the country from potentially advancing Iraqi forces. In addition to many military tactics suggested, he volunteered to bring all the Arab mujahedeen to defend the kingdom. That letter was presented in the first few days of the incident, and the regime response was of consideration!
While he was expecting some call to mobilize his men and equipment he heard the news which transferred his life completely. The Americans are coming. He always describes that moment as shocking moment. He felt depressed and thought that maneuvers had to change. Instead of writing to the king or approaching other members of the royal family, he started lobbying through religious scholars and Muslim activists. He succeeded in extracting a fatwah from one of the senior scholars that training and readiness is a religious duty. He immediately circulated that fatwah and convinced people to have their training in Afghanistan. It was estimated that 4000 went to Afghanistan in response to the fatwah. The regime was not happy with his activities so they limited his movement to Jeddah only. He was summoned for questioning twice for some of his speeches and activities and was given warnings. To intimidate him, the regime raided his farm in the suburb of Jeddah by the National Guard. He was not there during the raid and was very angry when told. He wrote a letter of protest to Prince Abdullah. Abdullah apologized and claimed he is not aware and promised to who ever were responsible will be dealt strictly according provisions.
FLEEING THE KINGDOM
Osama was fed up with this almost house arrest situation and did not imagine himself able to stay in the country with the American forces around. One of his brothers was very close to King Fahad and also close to Prince Ahmed, deputy minister of interior. He convinced his brother that he needed to leave the country to sort out some business matters in Pakistan and come back. There was a difficult obstacle, the stubborn Prince Nayef, minister of interior. His brother waited until Nayef went in a trip outside the kingdom and extracted lifting the ban from Prince Ahmed. When he arrived in Pakistan around April 1991 he sent a letter to his brother telling him that he is not coming back and apologized for letting him down for the entire family.
IN AFGHANISTANAGAIN
After his arrival to Pakistan he went straight to Afghanistan because he knew the Pakistani intelligence would hand him back to the Saudis. There, he attended the collapse of the communist regime and the consequent dispute between the Afghan parties. He spent great effort to arbitrate between them but with no success He ordered his followers to avoid any involvement in the conflict and told them it was a sin to side with any faction. During his stay the Saudis tried more than once to kidnap or kill him in collaboration with the Pakistani intelligence. His friends in the Saudi and Pakistani establishments would always leak the plan and make him ready for it. After his failure in sorting the Afghani dispute, he decided to leave Afghanistan. The only alternative country he had was Sudan. He left Afghanistan disguised in private jet only few months after his arrival. That was in late 1991. – Please note that in 1991 Transit Saturn was in the 10thhouse of deeds (in its own sign) where Sun is placed + Transit Saturn from 10th house is having 6:8 relations with the Lord Jupiter (Jupiter placed in the 5th house of deeds) thus giving indication about the betrayal and the reason for him to leave the Afghanistan in disguised.
IN SUDAN
His choice of Sudan had nothing to do with jihad or "terrorism." He was attracted to Sudan because of what was at that time an Islamic banner raised by the new regime in Sudan. He wanted to have good refuge as well as help the government in its construction projects. There was no intention from his side or from the Sudanese regime to have any military activity in Sudan. Indeed the Sudanese government refused even sending some of his followers to the front in the south. He was treated in Sudan as a special guest who wanted to help Sudan when everybody was turning away. In Sudan he mobilized a lot of construction equipment and enrolled himself in busy construction projects. He spent good effort in convincing Saudi businessmen to invest in Sudan and had reasonable success. Many of his brothers and Jeddah merchants had and still have investment in real estate, farming and agricultural industry. In Sudan he had again escaped an assassination attempt which turned out later to be the plan of Saudi Intelligence. –At That time Saturn was in the 11th house of guidelines of religious court of Law having 3rd aspect on the Mars (Saturn's enemy) thus giving indication about the assassination attempt on Osama by Saudi Intelligence.
SOMALIAAND YEMEN
During his stay in Sudan anti-American incidents happened in Somalia and South Yemen. Neither of the two incidents was performed by his group in the proper sense of chain of command. Both were performed by people who had training in Afghanistan and had enough anti-American drive. He might have given some sanctioning to the operations but one thing was certain, the Sudanese were completely unaware of either.
SAUDIS GO ANTI – TALIBAN
Between his arrival to Sudan and early 1994 he was not regarded publicly as Saudi opposition and Saudi citizens were visiting him without too many precautions. Only the well-informed people would know that he was classified as enemy to the Saudi regime. His assets were frozen sometime between 1992 and 1994 but that was not published. The Saudis decided to announce their hostility early 1994 when they publicized withdrawing his citizenship. – In 1994 Transit Saturn was placed in the Ascendant (Taurus – Negative Sign) with its enemy Mars having its 3rd aspect on the house of communication, 7thaspect on the house foreign relationships, and 10th aspect on the house of deeds + Mars having 4th aspect on the 4th house of General Public.
BIN LADEN GOES ANTI – SAUDI
After long silence and tolerance, bin Laden replied by issuing a communiqué condemning the Saudi decision and saying that he does not need the "Saudi" reference to identify himself and it is not up to Al-Saud to admit or expel people from Arabian Peninsula. He then formed together with activists and scholars from the kingdom a group called "Advice and Reform Committee" (ARC). The ARC was, according to its communiqués and published agenda, a purely political group. The ARC published around 17 communiqués which might have contained harsh criticism of the Saudi regime and plenty of religious rhetoric but never contained reference for violence or incitement of violence.
RIYADHBOMBING
The car bomb in spring 1995 in Riyadh was the first major anti-American action in the kingdom. Bin Laden never claimed responsibility, but the Saudi government tried to link the incident to bin Laden by showing video confessions of four "Arab Afghans" involved in the bombing. – In 1995 Transit Saturn was in the 2nd house with Moon having its 7th aspect on the house of bombings, killings etc.
OUT OF SUDAN
Sudan was exposed to huge international pressure for hosting bin Laden and his followers, and bin Laden felt that he is becoming an embarrassment to the Sudanese. Early in 1996 he started making contacts with his old friends in Afghanistan to prepare for his reception. He fled Sudan in a very well planned trip with many of his followers to go straight to Jalabad in Eastern Afghanistan. – In 1996 Transit Saturn was in the 3rd house of Communication having its 10th aspect on the 12th house of foreign countries.
IN AFGHANISTANTHIRD TIME
When he arrived there, the situation in Afghanistan was very unsettled between the many factions, but he had very good relations with all factions and all would protect him. The area he arrived too was under control of Yunis Khalis, a very influential war lord who later on joined Taliban.
THE KHOBAR BOMBING
June 1996, after his arrival in Afghanistan was the Khobar bombing. Nobody claimed responsibility, but sources from inside the Saudi ministry of interior confirmed involvement of Arab Afghans, with possible link to bin Laden. The Saudi government wanted to frame Shi'a, at the beginning but Americans were very suspicious of the Saudi story. Bin Laden himself never claimed responsibility but gave many hints that he might have been involved. The Saudi government has acknowledged recently that bin Laden's men were behind the bombing. –In 1996 Transit Saturn was in the 3rd house of Communication having its 10th aspect on the 12th house of foreign countries, hospitalization etc. + 3rd house Lord Moon (important part of KCD) is having 2:12 relationship with transit Saturn + Moon is also the planet of Time of his birth + Moon is having 7th aspect on the 8th house of bombings, killings etc. + 8thhouse lord is Jupiter and Transit Saturn from the 3rd house is having 3rd aspect on the 5th house where Jupiter (the lord of 8th house of bombings, Killings etc.) is placed thus through this aspect the Lord Jupiter and the 11th house of fulfillment of desire gets activated and the native (Osama) desire of bombings gets fulfilled + Transit Saturn having 7th aspect on the 9th house of future, luck giving indications that through this fighting, bombings etc. the future of the native will gets affected as per his previous birth bad deeds (5th house).
JIHAD AGAINST AMERICA
After few months of his arrival he issued his first anti-American message, a Declaration of War. That declaration was limited to expelling American forces outside the Arabian Peninsula. His sense of security and nobody to embarrass must have been the drive to release that 12 page declaration. Interest in him by the Saudis never stopped and they tried very hard to convince Yunis Khalis to hand him over, and he refused despite the luxurious offer.
UNDER TALIBAN
Taliban swept Jalalabad late 1996, almost without war, and bin Laden came under their control. He was optimistic that they will give him sanctuary but he was not sure. He was surprised when a delegation of Taliban came to meet him by order of Mullah Omer, the leader of Taliban, with instructions to reassure him that he will have even better protection under Taliban. The delegation expressed Taliban honor of protecting somebody like him who sacrificed a lot for the sake of jihad.
ANOTHER KIDNAP FOILED
The Saudis never gave up. Early 1997 they bought some mercenaries in the Pakistani Afghani border. The operation was arranged with the Pakistani intelligence. The information leaked to bin Laden and he decided to move immediately to Qandahar, the stronghold of Taliban. The operation was then cancelled. –In Early 1997 Saturn was in a transiting mode from the 3rd house of communication to the 4th house of family thus giving indications through its aspects during transit mode about the leak of information to bin laden due to which he moved to his stronghold of Taliban (His home) and thus attempt of his being kidnap gets foiled.
CREDIT WITH TALIBAN
When bin Laden left Jalalabad, he ordered many of his followers to join Taliban in their war against Dictum and to protect Kabul. The unexpected happened. Taliban troops were fooled by a trap in the north andKabul front was exposed to Shah Masood. Taliban were so disorganized at that stage that it was only those few Arabs who were there to push Shah Masood off Kabul and they did efficiently.
FACE TO FACE WITH MULLAH OMER
The leader of Taliban Mullah Omer was keen to meet Osama. He met him early 1997 after two TV interviews, Channel 4 and CNN. Mullah Omer expressed respect and admiration but requested him to have low profile. He stressed that that was a request and not an order. Osama replied with appreciation and thanks and reassured Mullah Omer that he going very low profile.
ANOTHER KIDNAP FOILED
Sometime in late 1997 a big operation was planned by the Americans. The primary plan was for American Special Forces to attack bin Laden's residence in Qandahar and kidnap him in a commando style operation. The plan was mocked in Pakistani desert and proved dangerous. While the Americans were reconsidering the decision, the news leaked to bin Laden, again through the Pakistani military, and he made it public. That was published in Al-Quds Al-Arabi in London. The Americans had no choice but to cancel.–Please note that in 1997 Transit Saturn from the 4th house is having 3rd aspect on the 6th house of enemies + 7th aspect on the 10th house of deeds + 10th aspect on the Ascendant (Mind) thus giving indications about the activities undertaken by his enemies (Americans) etc + Mercury being the Significator of Communication in Natural Zodiac and also the friend of Ascendant Lord (Taurus – Venus) and being placed in the 10th house of Saturn and Transit Saturn was having 7th aspect on the 10th house where Mercury, Venus, and Sun is placed (Mercury and Venus is in close conjunction) + Third house Lord is Moon and is placed in the house of Mercury (as seen from 4th house where transit Saturn is placed – Moon is placed in the 11th house of fulfillment of desire in respect of communication which will protect the native from the hands of the enemies (Moon is the lord of Communication in his natal chart and is placed in the 2nd house (as seen from ascendant) and 11th house (as seen from the 4th house of family) thus giving indication of about leaking of information in the favour of Native (Osama).
LOBBYING WITH ULEMA
Bin Laden noticed that the driving force in Taliban were Ulema (religious scholars). He made very good links with them and lobbied specifically for the subject of American forces in the Arabian Peninsula. He was able to extract a fatwah signed by some 40 scholars in Afghanistan sanctioning the use of all means to expel the American forces from the Peninsula. The issue of that fatwah was an asset to him inside Taliban domain. He felt that Ulema were at his back and he can go high profile after a long silence.
THE INTERNATIONAL FRONT
His second presence in Afghanistan has attracted many mujahedeen to move there again. Among those were Ayman El-Zawahery of Egyptian Jihad and Rift'ee Taha of Jama'a Islamia. There was also new phenomenon during that period. Bin Laden decided to go pan-Islamic instead of Saudi or Arabic. He attracted Kashmiris, Pakistanis, Indians, and Muslims from the Soviet Republics. He thought at that stage that he could make an international alliance against America. In February 1998 he declared the formation of the International Front. The declaration contained two elements, formation of the front and a fatwah sanctioning killing Americans and Jews. Apart from two Arabic newspapers, the declaration had a minimum coverage by the press.
MEDIA ESCALATION
After avoiding the media for almost a year he decided to open the door wide for them. In April 1998 he received the ABC TV team and two weeks later he held press conference in Khost and warned of impending attack in few weeks time. Mullah Omer was not happy with this new media escalation, but felt it difficult to control him while he is protected by the scholars. Indeed bin Laden said that he would abide with whatever the Ulema board decides.
AFRICAN BOMBINGS
The bombings in Kenya and Tanzania July 1998 were not a big surprise. Yes, it was a surprise but in terms of choice of location and targets. Despite his declaration of war against America anywhere, the attack was expected inside Saudi Arabia. Having said that, it is not [to be taken] for granted that he is behind the bombings. –In 1998 Transit Saturn was in the 5th house with the 8th house Lord Jupiter thus giving indications of bombings which occurred in the foreign country in July 1998. Please note that Jupiter is the malefic planet for Taurus Ascendant and whenever transit Saturn came in the fifth house then activities related to bombings took place in the foreign countries (7th house foreign relations, foreigners) which lead to his fulfillment of desires (11th house). + 5th house is also related with the relations of the native with foreigners.
In 2004 Osama bin Laden claimed responsibility for the September 11, 2001attacks on the United States. The attacks involved the hijacking of four commercial passenger aircraft, the subsequent destruction of those planes and the World Trade Centre in New York City, New York, severe damage to The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia and the deaths of 2,974 people and the nineteen hijackers. In response to the attacks, the United States launched a War on Terror to depose the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and capture AL-Qaeda operatives, and several countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation to preclude future attacks. The CIA's Special Activities Division was given the lead in tracking down and killing or capturing bin Laden. –Please note that Transit Saturn in 2001 was in the 8thhouse of suicide bombings having its 3rdaspect on the 10thhouse of deeds where Sun, Mercury and Venus is placed (Mercury and Venus is in close conjunction and Sun being the lord of the 4thhouse of General Public) and 10thaspect on the 5thhouse where Jupiter (Lord of 8thhouse) is placed + Jupiter having its 9thaspect on the Mars (Mars being the lord of 7thhouse of foreign relationships and 12thhouse of foreign countries, hospitalization etc.) + Jupiter having its 7thaspect on the 11thhouse of fulfillment of desire in respect of bombings etc. Transit Saturn in the 8thhouse giving indications about the occurrence of major events in the life of Native (Osama).
BIN LADEN THE PERSON
Bin Laden was brought up with good manners. He matured as extremely humble and very generous person. He insists to join his comrades in every act. Very frequently he cooks for them and serves them. He lives a simple life in a small flat in Jeddah or in a shed in Afghanistan and insists on his family to eat simple and to dress simple.
He is known to be strictly truthful and would never lie, but he is politically conscious and believes there is a room for political maneuver even if you are devoted person. Despite being shy he has dominating personality. He speaks very little and looks serious most of the time. He would appear with a soft smile but he seldom laughs. His followers see a lot of aura on him and show great voluntary respect to him. For some reason that falls short of a proper charisma. He is not known for giving distinguished speeches, and there are almost no audio or video recordings of him.
He is widely educated and spends a good deal of time reading. He is fond of media monitoring and information gathering and research. There was always a data management team with him wherever he went.
Among the outstanding features is his courage. He will not show a flicker even if a bomb exploded near him. He was exposed to more than 40 incidents of heavy bombardment, three of them were full of death and flesh around him. A Scud missile exploded 17 meters distance from him. At one time he was almost the victim of chemical weapons. More than once he needed treatment in hospital for body injuries. Despite this courage he is very cautious person. He would not keep any electronic instrument close to his vicinity. Some times he even avoids any device even if it is a simple watch near him because he believes this might help in targeting him.
He is intelligent and has reasonable strategic thinking, but he downgrades himself in the presence of Islamic scholars. He always admires Sheikh Safar al-Hawali and would have not gone through his current controversial path if al-Hawali was free. Some people saw him as a man with vision, others doubt it. They think that he never had clear long term plan. They see the last fatwah as evidence of that. –Ascendant is Taurus + Placement of Mars in Taurus + Jupiter 9th aspect over Mars and Ascendant + Saturn 7thaspect over Mars and Ascendant (Taurus) + Mars aspect on houses (signs) and his placement in the Ascendant (Mind and Brain) giving indication about his nature, thinking, personality of the native and the activities he will undertake in this birth.
RELATION WITH AL – SAUD
Contrary to what is always reiterated bin Laden has never had official relations with the Saudi regime or the royal family. All his contacts would happen through his brothers. The brothers would approach two members of the royal family who were fairly sympathetic to Osama. They were Ahmed bin Abdul Aziz, deputy minister of interior and Abdul Rahman bin Abdul Aziz, deputy minister of defense. He might have met them in few occasions but those meetings would have been purely social or accidental in one of his brother's houses. Specifically he had no relation with Turki al-Faisal head of Saudi intelligence. He used to be very suspicious of his role in Afghanistan and once had open confrontation with him in 1991 and accused him of being the reason of the fight between Afghan factions. He was wary of the Saudi government very early in the eighties, but he thought it was wiser to keep silent and benefit from their de facto support to jihad in that period.
RELATIONS WITH AMERICA
Bin Laden has never had any relation with America or American officials. Claims of relation with CIA or other American departments are all unfounded. Since the late seventies he had strong anti-American feeling. He committed himself and family and advised all friends to avoid buying American goods unless it was necessary. He was saying very early in the eighties that the next battle is going to be with America. ... No aid or training or other supports have ever been given to bin Laden from Americans. Bin Laden would bring money from individuals donating straight to him. The weapons he had were either captured from the Soviets or bought from other factions.
RELATIONS WITH PAKISTAN
Again there were no official relations with officials in Pakistani government. However, he had paramount respect by many Pakistanis including people in the army, intelligence and religious establishment. They were so penetrating that they would always leak any plan against him by the Pakistani-Saudi-American alliance.
RELATIONS WITH TALIBAN
His relation with Taliban would best be understood if Taliban themselves are understood properly. First of all Taliban are not simply another Afghan faction supported by Pakistan. Taliban are sincere to their beliefs, a religiously committed group unspoiled by political tactics. They would never bargain with what they see as matters of principle. Bin Laden for them is a saint. He is a symbol of sacrifice for the sake of jihad. They see him as very rich Arab from the Holy Land who gave up his wealth and luxury to fight for the sake of his brother Muslims in Afghanistan. They see themselves performing a double duty here, an Islamic duty of protecting this distinguished person and a tribal duty of protecting a descent refugee. The latter is a big value in Afghanistan. Once, a Taliban leader said to a Saudi envoy that if a goat would seek refuge to my tent I would never hand it over, how on earth do you want us to hand over a holy man like bin Laden?
There was no argument within Taliban about handing over bin Laden. There is however some difference in opinion about how high his media profile should be.
In addition to the factor of principle, bin Laden had twice had the credit of protecting Kabul recently.
Bin Laden became an intimate part of Taliban structure when he taught them how to deal with state affairs in a proper manner. For example, they were to be fooled by some oil and gas companies and sell the pipeline project for cheap. He advised them to learn from the Iraq-Turkey and Iraq-Syria agreements. They wanted to privatize some factories and were about to sell them to Pakistani businessmen for cheap prices. He taught them how to conduct proper bidding procedure and guarantee good prices.
RELATIONS WITH IRAN
It is needless to say that bin Laden has not had any relation with Iran. Iran knows that bin Laden is a committed Sunni and he regards Iran as Shi'a state. The trust between the two is minimal but both have avoided criticizing each other publicly. Having said that, he sees America as common enemy and according to a Pakistani newspaper he regards an anti-American alliance with Iran and China as something to be considered.
BIN LADEN FOLLOWERS
Bin Laden has two circles of followers. First are the closed core followers who are related to him by a chain of command and take orders like a secret organization. Most of those are probably in Afghanistan. Many are inside Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Somalia and probably Gulf countries. Like any secret group, those followers would not disclose their relation. Inside Saudi Arabia many of those would appear like any average citizen. The number of those is probably in hundreds.
The second circle is much wider and the number is probably in thousands. They are located in the same countries. They would look at bin Laden as Godfather but they do not have proper chain of command or secret links with him. They would regard themselves obliged to perform some of his general orders. Most of those followers are not organized and get trapped by the Saudi police fairly easily. But some are intelligent and make use of the loose nature of their structure to function without attracting attention.
FINANCE
Before his final departure from Saudi Arabia, his financial activities were almost copies of his brothers. Indeed, he is still part of the big mother company. However he had committed himself at very early stage to a special code which he thought was necessary to guarantee the Islamic nature of this activity. For example he would never invest in non-Islamic country. He would never use banks unless it was absolutely necessary. He does not believe in stock market because he thought the investor cannot escape interest since the money has to be in a bank and produce some interest. He is also preoccupied with the idea that Jews control banks and stock market.
He had three setbacks which would have made him bankrupt otherwise. The first was the freezing of his direct assets by the Saudi government. All his traceable money was frozen including his share in the big mother company of bin Laden. No body knows the exact amount but it was probably in the range of 200-300 million Dollars.
The second setback was the loss he had in Sudan. The Sudanese government was too weak financially to pay him for the construction projects and he ended up hardly with 10% of the payment. He lost in Sudan not less than 150 million dollars.
The third setback happened last year when one of his close aids defected to the Saudi government. The defector Sidi Tayyib Al-Madani had some financial information about him until early 1995. Bin Laden knew about the plans of this man to defect and so had few months to liquidate the few businesses known to this defector. There was very little trace of those businesses but dismantling them was not without loss.
There is, however the other side of the story. Bin Laden is a member of a big family. His father's financial inheritance has not been sorted. The brothers agreed to keep many assets of the father and distribute the profits only. Most of the brothers and sisters are observing Muslims and very keen not to "spoil" their income with money which is not theirs. They believe it is their duty to let the owner of any riyal to have it. The only way they guarantee that is by letting bin Laden's share reach him. Some of the brothers and sisters believed it was their religious duty to support this distinguished brother from their own money. While many are very careful not to irritate the royal family, many more do not care and insist on letting the money reach Osama.
The way bin Laden family money is structured is very complicated because there is the big company and there are many small companies of few brothers together, and there are many individuals with their personal investment. To make the matter even more complex it is very well known that Bin Laden family money is intimately mixed with the royal family money in a very complex way. Most of the companies are joint ventures with members of the royal family including King Fahad himself.
There is another big source of income to bin Laden, donations. During the early jihad era when it was blessed by the Saudi regime, he made excellent relations with many wealthy Saudis and Arabs. It is true that most of those would not support him now because of the Saudi government position but some do take the risk.
Lastly, bin Laden activities are not very dependent on money. His followers are not mercenaries. Training does not cost a lot of money. Explosives and weapons are very cheap in some parts of the world. In Somalia TNT for example is cheaper than sugar. In Yemen you can buy an RPG for less than TV set. The role of money here is over exaggerated by many writers.
PUBLIC IMAGE
In the eighties bin Laden was seen as a star of the Afghan Jihad. He was very much admired and respected for his sacrifice but he was not seen as a potential leader. Almost nobody saw leadership ambitions in him at that period. His public image was so good that the regime used this image to have a boost during early days of the Gulf War. The regime published a fabricated interview with him in "Al-Muslimoon" newspaper claiming he supported the regime measures to counteract the Iraqi invasion.
In the period between Iraqi invasion and his reappearance in Afghanistan 1996 he was almost forgotten by the public. The elite and especially the jihadis were still admiring him and following up his news. Some even made their way to Sudan to meet him and offer support. The public were reminded about him by the video confessions of the group attributed to Riyadh bombing.
After his declaration of jihad in 1996 his public image had a surge but this time as a leader rather than a star. There was a lot of controversy about him. In Saudi Arabia nobody would accuse him of being part of conspiracy but people would differ about his new program. There was almost a consensus in the Saudi domain on refusal of American presence in Arabia and many would like the idea of expelling the Americans by force. Many others had reservations and thought violence will bring a lot of trouble to the country. Interestingly those who disagreed with him did not accuse him having personal agenda or looking for personal benefits.
This image went on with occasional boosts by the media until the African bombings. Interestingly the story of the International Front and fatwah did not attract much attention. The Kenya Tanzania bombings reminded people of bin Laden. The media coverage was so overwhelming that the Saudi authorities felt jealous of bin Laden. People's reaction, however, was mixed. While many felt triumph for scaring the Americans, many others felt upset by the picture of hundreds of civilians killed and injured in the attack. They felt that this can never be justified.
The American missiles then played very strong role in sorting the controversy. After the American attack on Sudan and Afghanistan it became almost shameful to criticize bin Laden. People inside Saudi Arabia and in other Arab countries were full of anger towards America, and whoever can antagonize America would provide a fulfillment to their desire of discharging their anger. The American strike with the associated remarks by Clinton and American officials proved that bin Laden is a big challenge to America. In the mind of average Arab and Muslim bin Laden appeared as the man who was able to drive America so crazy that it started shooting haphazardly at unjustified targets. There was another factor which made people forget the scene of civilian victims, the special nature of the Sudanese factory. Those who had reservations of the African bombings thought that this arrogance of the Americans is much worse than the embassy bombings. Their view was that while bin Laden or others can make "executive" mistake because of their difficult circumstances, logistics and communication, America is not supposed to do this mistake unless it is done in purpose.
Interestingly the jealousy of the Saudi regime was seen clearly in the Saudi media when they instructed the Saudi TV and radio not to mention bin Laden name at all. Even when they reported the American missile attack the news item was "attack on terrorist base in Afghanistan, period".
Regards
About the Author
M.B.A. in Human Resource Management and International Business from G.G.S.I.P. University, Delhi.
Experience in Administration field in Multinational and International Organization.
Astrology is his Passion, Life, Hobby etc. Social Service through astrology helps him in building Human Relations.
Studying of Human Behaviour through research related to different areas of Human Life Cycle + Providing helping hand to human beings by giving free services of astrology to them through Facebook, E-Mail replies etc. so that they can overcome their problems in day to day life and fulfill their life ambitions.
On Facebook and on Twitter you can search him by his id - Dhiraj Bakshi.
His blog - http://ancestorsandvedicastrology.blogspot.com - for latest astrology articles.
At present he is working on the new idea and concept called Law of Astrology. Courts functioning as per the administrative procedures and guidelines defined by the Religious Court of Law can be studied through divisional charts, interlinking charts, transit charts etc.
The impact of the decisions taken by judges of Supreme Court of Astrology in different areas of Human Life Cycle can also be studied through Kaal Chakra Dasha.
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