Technical Writing Courses In Hyderabad

Employment Potential for Agricultural and Allied Graduate as Self Employers

Employment Opportunities for Agricultural Graduates

G.M. Wani

Ph.D ; D.V.M (Germany)

FN ISSGAPU, FN DAAD

Director Extension Education / SAMETI

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir

Shalimar, Srinagar, 191121

 

Introduction

 

          In the past few years the growth of Agricultural Universities have increased from few in  1940 to more than 40 by 2004. The enrolled students number increased from mere half a thousand to nearly 20 thousands between this period. As on today we have 260 colleges in India imparting educational degrees in Agriculture alone. They consist of various disciplines including veterinary, horticulture, sericulture, forestry, floriculture and a number of other sub-disciplines as plantation crops, medicinal herbs, mushroom, seed production, dairy production, agri-management and like. A number of Government department in India employ agricultural and allied graduates. The mode of recruitment is through respective State & Central Govt. public service commissions.

Beside professional employment, the agricultural graduates can compete in the national or State administrative or financial and allied services. Similarly many banks, insurance companies, private industries, private concerns and development companies. The NGO do also employ agricultural and allied graduates. The graduates have to go through employment new and other professional Journals through Radio, TV and both central and State Govts. also give advertisements. A vast number of professional, managerial and industry related advanced courses after agri or allied graduation are also advertised. They include business management, financial management or related disciplines in corporate sector. A diploma in mass media, computers or even commerce shall fetch a graduate additional employment chances in Govt. and private sectors. Opportunities in foreign countries for agri-graduates are also there, however this would need diploma  in international agriculture and a driving licence besides a passport.

 

For graduates a number of courses are available for Masters. Even on date we have 1/3rd positions vacant in SAU and ICAR Institutes, for which annually ARS examination is being held by Agriculture Scientists Recruitment Board. The recruitment to scientists and Assistant professors is open to all M.Sc /M.V.Sc or allied post graduates and Ph.D holders. Ministry of Agriculture in collaboration with NABARD and other banks have launched Agri-business Agri clinic courses. They are 3 months courses on the  job training  to Agri-graduates free of cost. In fact all the expenses are borne by the Agri-business school. A network of such training schools have been established. We have also a dozen in J&K. There is a strong future for agri-graduates in private sector. They can set up crop, fruit nurseries or open seed sale and production centres. We have a number of successful agri-graduates earning more than Rs. 20,000/- a month in various parts of the valley. The whole agricultural and allied sector has a strong employment generation potential. We have identified 15 such agri business ventures, which can be profitable employment ventures. A great potential of employment is hidden in Nursery plants for fruits and vegetables. An investment of Rs. 30,000/- per year may give a net profit of Rs. 2 lakh per annum.

Australia also provides many jobs like in Europe and USA for Indian Agri-graduates. The respective embassies or the internet employment advertise many help Agri graduates. For Australia information can be had on www.dookie. Uniemb.ed.am/. More personal information can be had on phone 0427355721 or email saparker@uniemeb.edu.an.  Likewise many websites are available around the globe and in India too. New ventures financed by banks are Agri.biotechnologies and precision farming  for organic Agriculture.

Agricultural development over years has been the result of continuous agri skill generation and its popularization. The earliest agriculture was animal domestication. Over thousands of years man domesticated wild fowl, dog, goat and smaller animals, whom he could overpower easily and subjugate to his sub-ordination. Agriculture thus since beginning has been the results of trails, experiments and experiences over years, learned first though behavioral changes, psychic reoccurrences, memories passed through parents to children and later on through doing and learning and now through sharing experiences and writing them or dotting them as an Entrepreneurship concern.

 

Entrepreneurship concept 

 

          The Entrepreneurship adds economic profits and cost-benefit ratios to Agricultural Output. Entrepreneurship is dominated by four factors like:

 

a.                  Social changes

b.                 Support system availability

c.                  Resource base and its utilization

d.                  Self confidence, exploration work capacity and intellectual potency.

 

An entrepreneur has to have a thinking of his own, a capacity building interest in acquiring needed technique. An explorative and analytic faculties to judge the way of procuring cheap raw material. He must be equipped with “knowledge” and mindset to use and benefit out of it.

 

Farm Business

 

       A potential entrepreneurship must strive from getting maximum output. Decades back agricultural development and industrial setups was a public sponsored and heavily subsidized but over time “knowledge” explosion in Indian Agriculture, have brought us on threshold of a  system, where wide distances exist between industry and farm business. Where huge subsidies are benefiting Agro-Industrialists. The Farmers who use fertilizers or agro-chemical are crushed under economic pressures. The gaps between technology generated and technology use at farmers door is increasing day after day. The farm technology adoption rates are not more than 20-30% by any higher prospective.

The use of information and communication technology (I&CT) for reducing the gaps and increasing productivity is the need of the hour (Wani, 2005). The modern technology and knowledge flow is fast expanding and bringing change. It demands more educated and trained farmers. Our education system has produced more literates but not educationally trained youth to earn their own bread. They after attaining graduation in agriculture and allied sectors, beg for job. The system has to be corrected to make these graduates as employers and not employees. I wrote a treatise in 1992, emphasizing a system where our agriculture graduates should be employers not employees. Germans are smart to have Farmers school, Farmer business training institutes, practical agri-farmers training centres and like, where every farmer or animal husbandry man is essentially a trained fellow. The banking system is so organized that they are on the door of convocation hall to sell their agri-business and agri-clinics packages to graduates, without any investments. Banks are so smart, that they have surveyed the villages who need vets or agri-graduates or have attained land and all facilitation, so that agricultural or veterinary or even other medico-biological graduates are used as bank investment. This is what is envisaged in India under agri-clinic, Agribusiness venture. We have trainings not in the hands of banks but with universities. There is practically little interaction between universities or banks or employers.

 

Success of Agribusiness:

 

A poor liaison and support system between Govt. banking and University culture has made this otherwise an remunerative and lucerative programmes into a failure inspite of its personal monitoring by PMO. We visited Bandipora district and unregistered Agriclinic graduates were earning a handsome salary, more than the Rahbar-e-zerat or Agriculture Asstt. Agribusiness viz sale of pesticides, cattle feed, poultry feed and agri-extension services were common. At a small village in Papchan, one agri graduate Mr. Iqbal Shah earns Rs. 10,000/- per month by selling the services and input. At a distance of few kms in the same district one      Mr. Khyatlani owns a big poultry farm and earns around Rs. 20,000/- per month. Both these entrepreneurs employ 2-3 persons at present. Similarly, the success shown by one Mr. Shah at Malangam in Agri products and pesticide sale and one Mr. Bhat in Dairy production and milk product sale earn a handsome income besides generating employment for poor. All these agricultural graduates have started their own business concerns without any bank or university help.

 

Farmer as Entrepreneur

 

Indian Farming and farmer has to change if proper WTO recommendation and GATT agreements are to be followed. The present day poultry scenario is emerging as high profile agri-business in India. The conversion of poultry farmer’s into poultry entrepreneurs shall make the present day 6% contribution of poultry products from India and China to 25% share of Global market. This when translated into action shall increase employment generation by manifolds. The introduction of rural based Vanraja, Gramapriya, Giriraja, Cari Gold and vast other locally grown varieties of poultry have adopted well to our agri-rural base. The market acceptability is higher than exotic poultry concerns. Free-rang-poultry is like BT cotton hybrid spreading through villages of India and assuring high returns and exports (wani, 2007).

 

Poultry as Agri-business

 

Dr. Gordon Butland, president of Global poultry strategies presents “Backyard poultry production” as a tool of alleviating poverty and malnutrition. We have tried to distribute “birds” under free-range system in all our KVK’s, our results were excellent and income generation was totally in favour of the Agri-business and agri-clinics.

 

This all will need the involvement of Agri-Veterinary and food processing technocrats to develop rural-based establishments so as to foster export and fast returns.

 

Holistic Vision for Livestock Enterprise

 

Improving income, employment and self-reliance among educated graduates and un-employed youth especially women needs fostering community development, women empowerment, environmental protection. Rural-based backyard poultry subscribes to all these norms and could be a rich resource for developing agri-entrepreneurship. Govt. of India is liberally financing such agri-business ventures. Some of the success stories in animal husbandry section can be reproduced as follows:

 

Backyard poultry and incubation

 

Though the Vanraja are the most suitable for back yard poultry, they do not have habit of broodiness. There is a problem among the farmer to get a broody hen in all season. KVK solve this problem of hatching by installing small unit of hatchery. Every month 15-20 farmers are benefited by purchasing chicks for backyard poultry. There are 200 back yard poultry units of Vanraja. Each farmer is rearing 10 to 25 in the backyard. There is a good demand and response for the chicks and eggs of Vanraja. KVKs are now planning to expand this entrepreneurship by Agri-graduates .

 

Semi-stall-fed Goat Rearing

 

KVK’s made an intervention to improve this enterprise by conducting short duration training  programmes for rural youth. Similarly exposure visit were organized on goat feed, breed and health management. More emphasis was given on Osmanabadi goat and up-gradation in selected non-descript goat breed by osmanabadi pure buck and given the knowledge about semi stallfed goat rearing concept. This experience in Andra Pradesh shows a great potential for agri-graduates own business.

 

Broiler Production

 

A KVK has conducted training programmes for 165 trainees. Due to training and demonstrations awareness was increased about contract farming in broiler production with private sector which provide chicks, feed and medicine and after 40 days purchases them back. They acquired skills through learning by doing at KVK demonstration unit and earned money. The technology has been adopted by 10 percent of youths now in the radius of 20 km. There are 27 poultry units having capacity of 5000-10000 poultry birds on contract farming basis. These self employed rural youth earning Rs 10000-15000 per lot.

A seminar-cum-farmer’s meet was arranged at SKUAST-K on 26-   27th of Oct.2007. The knowledge –sharing with farmers by agricultural graduates and scientists was emphasized by His Excellency the  Chancellor and Governor of J&K.  A vision of poverty alleviation through backyard poultry intervention was the theme of the seminar. Many belts in Gurez, Tangdar, Tillail and Zanskar are rearing native livestock species. They are better suited and  need improvement and identification. The cooking methods will need more expansion and scientific intervention for export. More emphasis has to be made on:

 

·        Safe feed and food.

·        Organic fodder and food.

·        Operational excellence and modern mechanization to improve quality of indigenous enterprises.

·        Local family management to farm business management and seller-buyer mode adoption.

This will need graduate farmers who are trained. Thus future farmer has to be a farmer graduate as in USA, Germany etc.

 

High Value Agri-business

 

Rapid growth rate in high value commodities in Indian agriculture promises 40% total output. The sectors assuming importance for export earnings are Fruits, milk, vegetable and poultry. Thus Agriclinic training centres should focus on these commodity oriented trainings. The sector may need more than 1 lac young agri-graduate entrepreneurs to achieve national goals and not the mere 14000 un-employed agriculture graduates.

 

Technological Prospective

 

The technological gaps between research yields and Farmers yields  are wide. The technological know how over years is on shelf. Much of it has remained frozen if not dead within the fore walls of institutions. The location specific, crop and soil specific innovations to farmer’s practices are few. Our integrated  & mixed farming practiced by our farmer’s, needs packages recommending mixed farming improvements which is not forth coming. Our research institutes mostly aped the experimentations on commercial farming of west with few modifications and even additions at times. Our traditional agriculture existing still in remote areas encompass the use of farm yard manure, vormiculture & use of agricultural waste materials. The present problems of low soil fertility, reduction in yields and soil salinity have arisen due to excessive use of chemical inputs in farming with little care of the soil.

This scenario resulted due to incomplete innovative approaches of research. Our researchers blindly advocated more and more use of fertilizers, pesticides and fungicides, which helped to gain grain revolutions, but left legacy of polluted water, air & environment with degraded soils. These revolutions debarred future sustenance. This was due to poor perception.

Thus immediate need is to make researchers akin with information technology and advanced communication. The rapid evolution of information science demands quick and speedy transfer of technologies, awareness & even subject reviews to farmer’s for speedy application. The productivity would be better if technological advances are adopted and their impact is known. The knowledge of computer hardware, software as well interlinking the information dissemination channels and outlets is essential. This will consume hundreds of Agri-graduates in mass media, information and communication.

 

Our vision

Mixed Farm University Culture:

            Higher productivity gains can be achieved through application of technology and production recommendations at farmer’s fields. We have 65% small and marginal farmers whose awareness potential is low. The production system prevailing with these farmers is a mixed farming or composite farming. In contrast to USA and European agriculture our necessity is to   increase “Crop –livestock-fish-plant integrated production system with multiple livelihood opportunities”. Therefore, we need our own innovative educational and training policies. A mixed agriculture University and Education set ups is our necessity. We are at present going astray to our need. Quick and fast measures and needed to unify our educational system, involving all agriculture and allied disciplines, industries, corporate sectors and farmers institution.

 

Higher productivity Concerns:

Indian Agricultural pride years of green revolution post 1968 saw reduction in food gain imports and subsequently white, blue and other revolutions sustained our population pressures and agriculture growth. Our agricultural growth rate (AGR) need to be equal if not more to population growth rate (PGR). Our AGR target ought to be double the PGR.

This is important as consumption rates, purchasing power and employment prospects increase. An estimated food grain of 210 million tons at present may need to be doubled in next 10 years. We have to achieve high targets of productivity by vertical expansion as horizontal land expansion is just not possible. Dr. M.S. Swaminathan has quoted figures as of 160 million tones of rice from 40m hac of land, thereby setting the productivity target of 4 t/h. Like wise production of 100 million tones of wheat from 25 million tones of wheat from 25 million hectors needs a productivity of 4t/hac. Our aim to double  our per hac productivity needs more technical manpower in extension, industry and at gross root level.

The climatic disasters, earthquakes, Titanic tsunami, floods; have effected our agricultural production in the past and additional requirements needs to be kept in mind while planning food security. We need to increase per capita consumption expenditures of Rs.600 per month. We need to bridge the gaps between potential and actual yields at farmers level. The chemical farming hazards of poor soil fertility, low water availability, pollution and environmental concerns impede our agricultural development. Thus refined technology, participatory research and educational modules are needed. The new pressures of Global marketing. World trade and tariff regulations have to be accommodated. This all will need incorporation of new themes like post-harvest management, value addition, packaging, communication, credit and market information services in our course curricula. Thus a new multidimensional change in academic curriculum is envisaged, which may open new opportunities for Agricultural and allied graduates.

 

Quality Assurance

We feel pride in calling ourselves as the 2nd largest Agricultural Research system (ARS) in World. When we review our performance we are no where in top ten of most cited agriculture publications countries in the World.  USA tops the world list with 3,62,79,842 cited publication/annum, with small country like Switzerland at No.10. The scientific out put in agriculture is highest in USA with 27 lac publication/year followed by Japan, Germany, U.K, France, Canada, Italy, Russia, China and Australia. Our contribution to Agriculture publication is 5.48% only with our share of citation at 2.32%. This demands more focus on Quality Assurance. Our prime agenda should be quality Agriultural Education. Our emphasis has to be on:

Academic quality, Accreditation; Desired knowledge, Assessment, Skill and competence building and academic audit. Quality assurance, means strengthening resources, information  and maintenance of educational infrastructure. Thus we need to regulate grants and centre-state relations rationally. This will open golden opportunities to our graduate across the borders.

 

Employment opportunities

            We have 36 state/deemed or central agricultural Universities and 20 general universalities with 48 agricultural faculties. The total disciplines needing grants may be strengthened in 5 yrs by 1 core grants to each discipline for quality assurance. We produce 10,000 under graduate 5500 post graduates and 1600 Ph.D in agriculture every years . They add to our unemployed pool. For making them self employees in new ventures and for increased employment , their competence building  in Global economics and trade policies. Biotechnology, Bioinformation, Biofertilizers, pesticides and fungicides etc are to be enhanced. New faculty development in all the Universities and colleges is to be executed in coming 5 years. Such as :

Pest information and survey; Risk Management Analysis; Decision support system; Geographic information system. A new trust is to be given to course curriculum integrating field practices in a partnership mode with farmer. A teacher-student-farmer-industry, interaction and co-operation is to be developed. A new model of mechanics in Agricultural and allied curricula is to be integrated, unified and fine tuned to end results. This will demand inter and intra faculty harmony and synchronized course curricula at UG, PG and Ph.D level. This has to be fine tuned to our field requirements and location orientations and Employment opportunities will be the end result.

 

Asia Specific Agricultural Education:

            Indian Economy is a agri-centre economy which supports 70% of our population, as direct rural employment . Forty five percent of the income generated by industries comes from Agri-based (Agro) Industries. Therefore , a vast potential and resource is hidden in it. If we think of Asia specific Agriculture, we have to play a significant role in the region which has 60% of the world population. The region is rich of energy and oil resources and millennium buzz word is open boarders and common market with first priority on peace, confidence and trust. For up-liftmen of region we need training education  and human resource utilization. Therefore Agriculture educational reforms are on our door steps to harvest the gains of common economy in the SARC and total Asian region. These educational reforms should involve schools, colleges and Universities. The re-modeling of curriculum will need incorporation of new emerging era, like competitive global marketing, the climatic, disaster, technology use, restrictions, sustainability, environment, water resource conservation, remediation factors etc.

Agri-educational reforms are needed so that ICAR parallels USDA, in governing grant-in aid to whole agriculture sector. An omnibuss act of agriculture in  the shape of USA farm bill of 1996 is envisioned. New educational policies so drafted shall be non-discriminative, comprehensive , transparent and accountable. They will pave a way to total employment in Asia for Agri and allied graduates.

 

Access to Education and Training:

            Access to education and training to people below the poverty line, rural youth and women is to be ensured. This will need a total restructured education infrastructure. A three tyre model  is envisioned which consists of:

1.                   On the job, training opportunities on farm mechanization and agriculture.

2.                  Training skills, up-gradation and rural orientation at University level, refinement and more innovative participatory mode at farmers field. Roaming teaching taught system on holidays and Sundays.

3.                  Teacher-student-farmer-industry-interaction-work and planed-self- learning by living with farmers. It will ensure quality training and job improvement of skilled manpower for use in Asian Agri development Market. The utilization of Rehbar-e-Zerat in this paid Agri-services to farmers shall provide them job and money.

 

Informal-flexible Agriculture Information Services

            A flexible curriculum models which should have many options at B.Sc level like:

            1.     Natural science

       2.     Agri Science

       -      Production system

       -      Agri-business

       -      Social science

       3.     International Agriculture

       4.     Natural Resources

            5.     Agri-business management

       6.     Biological engineering

       7.     Dietetrics

       8.     Landscape Architecture

These inclusions at B.Sc or Post graduate level shall help in graduate employment.

Export Orientation in Agri-education & employment:

            In the present era of bio-safety, phyto and zoo sanitation have assumed tremendous importance. Education and knowledge was safe and secure treasure in the past. It is no more true. The export needs knowledge and new inventions need patenting. Web and web designing have made invisible teachers to unknown students. The students-teacher relationship has raised to spiritual horizons. New targets for future educational planning and policies need to have more information and communication technology. Therefore courses on I&C with computer applications is must. These have been strengthened in the SAU and ICAR institutions in the last few years. However a total connectivity is needed with farmers, farm organizations and utilization departments to harvest the gains of technological reforms to increase our exports. Inspite of ranking I in milk production our exports are meager. This is because of poor –zoo-sanitation and Global lobiest are critical of our disease free status. Therefore, policies and programmes in Agri-export orientation and the training to our agri-vet. And allied graduates is a must. Training of these graduates in management, mass media, export-import ventures, industry and related agrobased ventures like sales of fertilizers, pesticides, seeds etc is needed. 

 

References

 

Bishnapada, Sehthi, 2007. Backyard Poultry in Orissa. Orissa Review, January, 2007. pp 48-52.

Dipak De, 2004. Workshop Background and recommendations In communication support for sustaining extension services edited Dipak De, Jirli,B and Ghadi,K. Deptt. of Extension Education, Institute of Agric. Sci, BHU, Varanasi.

Dobrowski, Z.T.2000.The necessity of changes in the methodology of development and implementation of integrated pest management.Pre-conference Symposium – Progress in Plant Protection, held at Nowoursynowska, Poland, 40(1): 334 -342.

Frewer, L.J; Howard, C and Shepherd R. 1998. The influence of initial attitudes on  responses to communication about genetic engineering in food production. Agriculture & Human values. 15(1):15-30.

Hardman, PA; Darroch, MAG; Ortmann, GF; Trienekens, JH, and Omta, SWF,2002. Improving co-operation to make South African fresh apple export value chain more competitive.Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Chain and network management in agribusiness and food industry. Noordwifk, Netherlands 6-8 June, 2002 PP 434-443.

Jacques Diouf 1998,Director General, FOAReport on World Food Day, 26th Oct, 1998 Rome.

Luttichen, R.E; Robert, P.C; Rust,R.H and Larson, W.E.2000. Development of an internet based communication and information network to progress the implementation of precision agriculture.Proc. 5th int. conf. on Perecision Agriculture, Bloomington, Minnesota, USA, 16-19 July,2000. Publ. 2001 CD. Page 1-14.

Report of the Quinquennial, Review team for KVK Zone V, AP & Maharastra, September,,2001, Edited Wani, G.M, C.M.Singh. Gogoi, DK; Sandhu and Suilac C,9th September,2001, Hyderabad.

Sher-Muhammad; Garforth, C, and Kausar Almas, 2001. Adoption of recommended agricultural technologies by farmers as an indicator of effective communication by extension field staff.International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 3(1):13-15. b

Sidiqui, M.A.A, 2004. Plant Resource Management for Entrepreneurship Development. Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business, Deptt. of Extension Education, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar- J&K.

Sutton, A.L; Ong. H.K; Zulkifli, I; Tee, TP and Liang, JB. 2002.The role of Education and Technology Transfer in Livestock Waste Management. Proc. 4th Int. Livestock Waste Management symposium 19-23 May,2002, PP 281-288. Published Malaysian Society of Animal Production, Selangor, Malaysia.

Wani, 2004. Role of communication in enhancing agricultural production – a Vision . In Communication support for sustaining extension services edited. Dipak De, Jirli, B and Ghadi,K. Deptt. of Extension Education, BHU, Varanasi, PP 1-26.

Wani, G. M.2000, World Food Day Bulletin, 16 Oct, 2000, Directorate of Extension Education, SKUASTK, Shalimar Srinagar, Kmr.

Wani, G.M. 2004. Agriculture Production & Entrepreneurship – Preface to the proceedings on Plant Resource Management for entrepreneurship development, Directorate of Extension Education, SKUAST-K Shalimar, PP 1-4.

Wani, G.M.2003 Appraisal of Training needs of Farmers. Lead paper presented at National Seminar on “Apraisal of Institutionalized Farmers’ Training Activities’organized by Indian Society for Agriculture Extension at GBPU of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, U.P

Wani,G.M.2007. Message, “Backyard poultry Production”. Seminar on Backyard poultry Farming for women empowerment & nutritional security Oct. 26-27, 2007, SKUAST-K, J&K PP.

Yahaya, M.K and Omokhaye,S.B.2001. Cocoa farmer’s perceived influence of communication channels on utilization of improved cocoa seed technologies in owan –east local Government area of Edo State. Moor – Journal of Agricultural Research 2(2) : 199-207.

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Intrusion Tests - Your company needs one?

1-Introduction.



Every day new vulnerabilities are discovered that can be exploited to undermine the pillars of information security, causing losses and damage to company image.

For a computational design, allocate to multiple vendors, often with privileged access and which, due to deadlines and budgets avail themselves of the safety checks in their code or the step of deploying their infrastructure.

Point and correct errors after the system is in production is only part of the work of palliative Information Security Manager. Preparing for the unexpected is another. It is a matter of time before a system is compromised or spoofed. So it better be performed by monitoring those who entrust themselves, for there is a wide gap between a planned and controlled simulated attack against an actual attack is not expected.

Also, it is necessary to create a form of proactive approach to identify such failures, and related areas of prompting the company to seek solutions to mitigate the risk inherent in enterprise IT. These approaches are called for Penetration Testing and Intrusion Tests.



2-Goal.



This article aims to describe the main characteristics (technical and managerial) and stages of an intrusion test, its ease of implementation, and some key expectations of their risks by following a structured model in stages, in line with the Master Plan and Safety the company.



3-Motivation.



The problem with the government information security and corporate gain media attention and specialists in IT Security and only after actions of the invaders, Crackers, which in their attempts or not achieving success shake the foundations of information security activities and compromising pictures the company and the systems that support the business, generating legal sanction to its managers.

Cyber ​​attacks have reached an unprecedented level after the release of the worm and other malware Stuxnet and new approaches that have social engineering as the basis for their attacks and raids. In 2010, home users and businesses struggled to stay active as they were subjected to a multitude of malware such as viruses, trojans, spammers and botnets.

The new virtualization technologies come loaded with digital opportunities and threats. This reality promotes pressure on information security professionals, and has held the security software vendors in the search for solutions and development, requiring new strategies to anticipate vulnerabilities and maintain the operability of their systems.



4-Security Assessments.



Thus, there are two direct ways of acting on information security.



1st reactively : Action taken after an invasion or when the knowledge of an attempted invasion known as attack, understanding their Modus Operandi and creating a plan to mitigate the vulnerabilities that were not provided and / or monitored by the Risk Analysis. This approach works in all layers of the company, and should involve all areas of risk incident. The advantage, if there is one, is that it corrects a flaw that was discovered and exploited by a third - not always with good intentions. In this article the attacker is called Invader or Cracker.



Proactively 2nd : In this case Analysis and Risk Assessment of the assets involved in IT is fundamental, if not essential. There are several methods and methodologies as well as a wide range of tools available to design and predict that it could mitigate the security problems that can accept and manage the risks inherent in the business. It is this approach that fit the intrusion tests, performed by experts in Information Security. In this article, the IT specialist is called Certified Ethical Hacker - CEH.



Both approaches expend resources to be developed, implemented and maintained, however, in a preventive nature, the second is undisputed that does not affect the company's image, sometimes immeasurable and irreversible.

Sometimes it is necessary to divide the company into shares, or rather, systems, and these in modules, which should be tested to exhaustion before being put into production environments. Some call or Steering UAT - User Accept Test. However, these are different approaches, in which case what is sought are security flaws - vulnerabilities, not functional failures that affect their operation.

When planning a security project, you should evaluate and analyze the existing IT landscape on the physical issues (access to perimeter, network, workstation, server) and logical (access to database fields, and applications). These assessments have different objectives and is divided into categories of actions:



4.1-Operational Evaluations: Results from a thorough investigation of the guidelines, policies and procedures to help identify the current state of security controls implemented.



4.2-Vulnerability Assessments: Sets all possible entry points to the organizational perimeter. Its focus is broader than the intrusion tests, but does not explore potential flaws and tends to generate reports with records of high false positives and negatives. The data used are superficial, masking potential vulnerabilities and hindering the ability to measure and relate to the real risk that an exploitable vulnerability testing can impact the resource.



4.2.1 Auditing and Intrusion Detection: It is more comprehensive and condenses the results of other tests which validate intrusion detection tools such as IDS / IDP 's, are seen as a pre-run.



4.2.1.1-Intrusion Tests: It is about discovering and exploring ways of obtaining unauthorized access, ie, the potential routes of entry to the perimeters of the authentication company. Simulations are monitored for an attack on a system or network, determining the real risk of vulnerabilities, and consequently prioritize your corrections. According to the dictionary, the test can be:



Test by which to collect samples of behavior in very specific situations, so that the results in different individuals can be objectively compared. 2. Critical examination or proof of the qualities of a person or thing. 3. Evidence, experience, examination. 4. Testing, testing.



Already intrusion:

Action to introduce, without law or by violence. 2. Illegal entry without invitation. 3. Theft, illegal possession.



5-Objective testing of intrusion.



Testing intrusion are seen connected to a sub-Systems Auditing. Aims to identify threats and vulnerabilities by performing actions that simulate attacks on IT assets, trying to access systems that require authorization, such as databases, operating systems, servers, routers, mobile devices, including any that contain sensitive information and critical to company. These allow unauthorized access to manipulation (enable / disable) some of the following attributes - Read, Write, Execute, or the possibility of elevation of privilege for the Administrator role.

They are controlled simulation of an attack, to evaluate safety. In the process, an active analysis of vulnerabilities and technical deficiencies of the physical infrastructure and logic is promoted, making the objects in question (such as systems and locations accessible internally and externally), outlining the assessments to maintain the availability, integrity and confidentiality information.

In short, actions are performed by a team of IT specialists (programmers, architects DBA'se networks) that attempt to compromise the normal operation and / or invade and access (or enter) networks and enterprise systems formally (without hostility) in order to uncover vulnerabilities (software failures, hardware, misconfigured networks and services), which generate losses and degrade the business.

If a test point Intrusion flaws that allow or facilitate unauthorized access or commitment, in essence succeed. However, if it does not point out errors, do not mean to say that they do not exist, but only that according to the methodology used (ie, the same known by the attacker) is not reported threats that may impact the business. There is an adage that says security: There is 100% secure system, and that there are off!

In addition, you can create a methodology that involves just try using the tests as a form of social engineering approach invasion after exhausting tests to focusing on technological resources. Sometimes, security managers that this abstract is the weakest link in the chain Infosec renouncing such an approach.



6-Executive Team.



Given the heterogeneity and complexity of systems and networks that support business, it is difficult to pinpoint a single expert who can act on all fronts IT to perform such tests.

The ideal is to be made by a team of others always under the supervision of a tutor. At this point there may be some resistance to internal, it will be put to test the technical skills of IT specialists of the company, given that resort to an internal team allows to influence the test results for the relationship of collegiality.

However it is suggested that the synergy between developers / IT team and the Test stimuli without competition, containing an NDA - Confidentiality Agreement that will protect the area tested against the unauthorized disclosure of any results or data identified, and, excusing the team Test any exclusive responsibilities.

Semantically, its perpetrators are known by the industry for CEH - Certified Ethical Hacker (Certified Ethical Hacker). It is a jargon that refers technically skilled professionals in security and counter-information security accessing unauthorized resources recording the evidence and testing methods the organization's effectiveness in protecting resources and sensitive information.

If at the end of the test team CEH does not succeed is strong indication that the company's infrastructure and systems are well aligned with the guidelines for the security vulnerabilities discovered until now.

However, the idea that "gave the best they could and did not get any intrusion successfully" is not real and can generate a false sense of security. The corporate infrastructure can have vulnerabilities that the team has not found CEH or maybe they do not exist at the time of testing, but may come to exist after a change in network configuration, or when someone discovers it via other methods. Of course all science tends to refute epistemological theses.

The CEH was designed and developed for organizing EC-Council (International Council of E-Commerce) becoming the owner and reference to a series of related certifications such as License Penetration Tester.









Figure 1: Logo Certified Ethical Hacker and - EC-Council.



Regarding the composition of the team performing, it is stated that:



EC must be performed by a team of others the current IT team, which just shows how easy and / or difficulty that particular asset is exposed.
• When possible, choose a team / company that uses specialized tools and methodologies certified.
Do not cast lots or expectations that the same team that performs these tests is that the correct or point solutions when necessary. Managers will assess whether the failure is corrected or accept the risk of living with it


7-legal foundation.



According to requirement number 11.3 of the PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) requires to run regularly test security systems and processes.



" Vulnerabilities are continually being discovered and introduced by new software. The systems, processes and software should be tested frequently to make sure that security is maintained over time and through changes. Perform a penetration test on infrastructure network infrastructure and applications at least once a year and after any significant modification or upgrade of the infrastructure or application . "



Other regulations such as Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX), California Senate Bill 1386 (SB 1386), HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) and II Basillica require institutions to protect their information. Organizations should consider various alternatives to increase the security of their corporate networks, with the execution of tests that assess, certify and guarantee the pillars of information security or handling risks.



Background 8-Normative Testing Intrusion.



Basically this is the macro-two ways to run.



1.8 Non-structured: You execute the attack without planning, notice or specific target. And how to make use of vulnerability scanners to track IP addresses. This type of action is similar to the practice of scripts Kids are not well liked within a professional environment.



8.2-Structured: In order to better quality and reliability, the tests should be somewhat structured. The company tester can create and tailor their own methodology or guided by international norms and standards published as OSSTMM / ISECOM, NIST 800-42, or ISSAF OWASP-PTF, always allied to the use of specific tools for this purpose.





Figure 2 : Seal generic OSSTMM.



An adapted screenplay recommended by the "Test Network Security Guideline", published by the U.S. Trade Center by NIST and mimics the action of an attacker, structure their approach to attack the following macro-steps: Planning, Target Observation ( footprinting), Enumeration, Exploitation, Access / Intrusion, Elevation of Privileges, Maintenance and Evasion.



9-Planning Related Activities.



Using techniques closer to reality by simulating data and daily situations because of its negative test may become invalid and frustrating. The makers of the test, by definition, are not legitimate users.



9.1-Scope Test.



Is to determine whether its implementation will be in person or remotely, triggered internally or externally, and, announced or unannounced indicating whether the staff will be aware of the tests or not.

According to the critical information that will be passed on the environment, hence the CEH team can get access to privileged information, the tests are classified as:

· Black Box or Blind: It is known only minimal details of the environment.
· White Box N or T Blind: you know, but ignore the details of the environment.
· Box H or Gray íbridy: It is only a few points of the environment.
· Code Audit : Obtain and analyze only the source code.


9.2-Preamble



• Define what will be the target and time of execution.
· Catalogues and record all the variables of the environment to be tested, keeping them safely.
• When possible to create a copy of the validation environment Hash.


9.2.1-Identify and values, and activities information.



Determine ways and criteria to classify information assets. In an enterprise scenarios are different and involve various risks and areas, like an ERP, which integrates the functions of the operating company. This is because when an access point in the system, this can be expanded, reaching other enterprise perimeters.

By choosing destinations, is due to quantify the cost that the company would have the data system were exposed to hackers, competitors or others outside the corporation. It uses the market value of assets to determine which systems will have to assess priorities and to properly size the human resources of the executing team.



9.2.2-Identify Threats Associated Asset Target Testing Intrusion.



There are various forms of threats, each of which represents different degrees of risks to company assets. At this stage we determine which approach will be used for exploration assets. There is no better way to protect virtually than to think and act as an attacker. Testing Intrusion occur after you identify and evaluate assets that are accounted for in the original design safety. As for Risk Analysis to determine the probability of occurrence and their impacts.



10-Environment.



Depending on the criticality of the features to be tested, is indicated faithful copy of the environment by generating their Hash , ensuring its integrity, or that run in a while that this feature is less used as a weekend. If the test is not only intrusive and destructive, a BCP & DR are not the premise for doing so.

However, one should pay attention to the fact that running in a production environment. If you want to do it to exhaust any questions about the effectiveness of tests in the search and exploitation of vulnerabilities, it is necessary to have available and updated Plans Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery, because as some results can lead to impairment tests or unavailability of the resource analysis. It is important to define parameters that identify the points where the test will work and its validity.

The flow below shows a brief description of the stages of a itenizada Intrusion Test. This pattern of invasion has grip with CEH, the EC-Council.







11-Procedures of Macro Flow Testing a Intruder

Figure 3: Suggested for Testing Intrusion even flow with sub-phases and their techniques.



12-Alignment testing methodology.



To ensure its efficiency, should include simulated and structured methods of attack trees, sequentially, according to data previously identified at each stage of invasion and in accordance with the profiles and limitations of each feature tested. This order of attacks will follow the flow of least resistance from the weights of default difficulty.

At the end of each battery or during its execution, it generates a detailed report containing all information created or stored on the target resources of the tests recorded with date / time and target IP, along with a list of all the tools and methodologies used. Thus, knowing it will be time for completion of tests in alignment with the defined project scope.

Finally, excute to escape, or if any remaining information, it is removed, so as to leave the system as close to the state in which it was made before the service.



13-Description of Methodological Steps.



13.1-Planning. Policy development and scoping as well as assets and resources to be tested in structured outline.



02.13-Note - Footprinting. Arise specific information about the target system, such as physical location, ISP, mobile Administrators, etc.. Predicted very technical approach used by Social Engineering.



13.3- scan or fingerprint - Network probing and information gathering. It consists of scanning the search for hosts ( workstatiosn , servers, PDA's or similar), services, ports, protocols and asset shares, routes, OS's, IN's , accounts without passwords or guest , files and configurations, the NETBIOS and DNS list, among other services.



13.4-enumeration. Step scan that follows involves the enumeration of resources to direct the course of the invasion, in order to discover what services are running their doors in the listening state, beyond the operating system and version of the target.



13.5-Search Failure. After discovering what services run on existing operating environment the company is seeking for its likely failures (vulnerabilities) published. These are services running on servers or operating systems that print their active sockets (IP + port + protocol). The next step is starting to exploit a vulnerability discovery available for this service / system, or according to the technical capacity to understand the application code and develop their own exploitation engineering techniques - known as exploits , or using any Framework available. If there is no ability to analyze the application source code for flaws by the coding, there are several sites that publish information about vulnerabilities that can be exploited only by typing the name and version of active service. However, any tool or methodology should include the search for unpatched vulnerabilities with their respective manufacturers and National Vulnerabilities Database NIST Data Base, known as CVE - Commun Vulnerabilities Exposures, and the CERT Cordination Center, Bug Trap, SANS or Security Focus.



Circumventing 13.6-Protection: Based on the detected faults this step aims to find ways to perform an attack that breaks the barriers of protection such as Anti-Malware, Firewalls, IDS's ACL'se. At this point the test can take different directions, according to the conditions of the analyzed system, which will signal the best procedure to follow the intrusion. The views described below can be used in isolation, integrated or collaborative achievement of joining forces to break the security of the systems tested.



13.6.1-trick users: Search deceive the user by means of contacts or talks exploring the relationship of trust and good faith among other human characteristics such as curiosity, sympathy, fear, trust or guilt, leading him to perform some procedure compromise safety. The approach can be conducted in person, via telephone, email, mail or other means of communication.



Explore 13.6.2-Fault: If the step of searching for faults have shown significant results, we can focus on your farm to try to get the system invasion by this technique.



Explore 13.6.3-Settings: involve techniques to obtain invasion through the activation of weak password and flaws in the device configuration and network resources, such as passwords or planned in a standard dictionary.



13.6.4 Refuse-Services: This facility does not cover exactly the goal of penetrating the system, but to cause disruption of services. Depending on the purpose of attack represents a powerful technique that can be exploited if the other options result in unsuccessful attempts, when the offending agent's motivation is greed. Does not compromise the integrity or confidentiality of the service, only your availability.



14-Techniques Used



Depending on the type of failure encountered numerous attacks launched themselves to corroborate or refute the purpose of the test. The following is a non-exhaustive list of some explanatory technical approaches do not emphasize any tools or systems for doing so.



14.1-Social Engineering : This technique, or rather, how to approach focusing on human resource should be used since it is part of the project scope Intrusion Test or not to ratify the actions strictly technological nature.



14.2-Malware - Create and send a malicious code with a virus and / or Trojans and monitor their behavior in networks, to test the efficacy of anti-virus or if the standard policy to open e-mails with attachments was respected by users. This type of virus must be fake, or be done in an environment mirror (clone) with isolated machines to the company network preventing its spread.



14.3 Access-Control : Simulates a user with resources to be exploring a valid trust, technical approach as Man-In-The-Middle .



14.4-Overflow Buffer: Buffer overflow vulnerabilities are exploring the use of memory and their pointers, and their variations known as S tack Overflow and Heap Overflow. It is considered the Achilles heel of computer security, it is still the main method of exploration the insertion and execution of malicious code in order to leave a backdoor as a rootkit or cause a Denial of Service .

14.5-Code Injection: Search explore applications that do not validate user input accurately. So, you can insert code that will be interpreted by the server. This technique can be performed via forms, URLs, cookies , and parameter passing arguments to functions and variables, among others. The most widely used method is to inject SQL queries, which aims to display and / or change information contained in databases.

14.6-Cross-Site Scripting (CSS): CSS not persistent attacks occur when past data are used without validation to generate a results page. Already in its persistent form, the data passed by the client will be written directly on the server and is publicly accessible, without proper validation or restrictions.



14.7-Exploits: These are scripts and programs designed to exploit vulnerabilities. It is an occurrence of a pattern of attack designed to commit a portion of the code of the target system. The act of running a farm is known as attack.



8.14-Discovery Passwords Authentication Brute Force: Search for authentication services and access control vulnerable to attack by trial and error discovery of passwords, listing potential candidates. The computational cost (time) is directly proportional to the number of candidates and inversely proportional to the cases of passwords that follow the Guidelines for Creating Passwords suggested by ISO / IEC 17799:2005 Section 11.3.1. This test aims to assess the quality of policy and standards development, maintenance and custody of secret keys.

9.14-Passive Capture and Traffic Analysis and Network Package - Sniffing : Check if you can identify trafficked and sensitive information without adequate safeguards (encryption or steganography) through the capture and handling of network traffic in order to test algorithms and protocols used. Your goal is not to break encryption. 14:10, Disabled Services Security: Ability to disable components and services such as Proxies, Firewall, Anti-Malware, Alarm systems, CCTV, room safes, access to CPD's, among others aimed at ensuring and preserve the physical and logical integrity of the company, provided in ISO / IEC 17799:2005 Section 9 and 11. Sometimes, to succeed it is a complementary use of Social Engineering.




14:11-Remote Connections: Search or active connections on standby that can be established via RAS, RADIUS, VPN's, without authentication or with low level of security.



14:12-warchalking: Scan the spectrum of wireless networks exceeding the enterprise perimeter in search of open connections or without the minimum encryption required by the security policy.



14:13-Insecure Credential Handling: To assess the credentials sent via HTTP, HTTPS form but with the log sent via HTTP, stored in cookies, passed via the URL query string or passed from server to the client clear text, to remember myself.



14:14 Forced-Denial of Service: Submit host test target to an anomalous situation and extreme, forcing respond to requests for access or connection in addition to its processing capacity, degrading their performance or their unavailability full ripening, usually through resource depletion. It can be run locally, remotely or distributed.







15-Metasploit.

Data vulnerabilities and attack vectors available, the attacks are launched with the aim of obtaining unauthorized access to the highest possible elevation of privileges. For each vulnerability identified, we seek the following:

· Confirm or refute its existence.
· Find or develop code / proof of concept tool.
· Document the methodology used for such exploitation.
• Obtain access and, if possible, escalate privileges, without triggering alarms, IDS / IDP.
If you identify certain vulnerability without however be available and published some way to exploit it, and pay attention to an alternative use of the Framework Metasploits.

This is an Open Source tool created by HDMoore containing a set of best learning and research platforms designed specifically with the aim to strengthen and accelerate the development, testing and use of exploits used by professionals Infosec or CEH.

Metaspolit The Framework contains dozens of exploits, payloads and advanced tools of analysis for testing vulnerabilities on multiple servers and operating systems. Your goal is to create a research environment, development and exploitation of software vulnerabilities, providing the tools necessary to complete the cycle of research, briefly divided into four phases:



1 ª Finding a programming error that may or may not lead to a security breach.

2nd evaluate the vulnerability to determine the ways in which it can be exploited.

3rd Develop expolit after the phase of analysis using reverse engineering techniques, analysis and " debugação "code, etc..

4th Test expolit source and variables in different environments, service packs, hotfixes, patches , and / or directly on the target service or feature. The expolit itself does not refute that the vulnerability can be exploited, compromising the system.







Figure 4: Screen illustrative of Metasploit.



15.1-Example of some of the tools contained in the Framework Metaspolit


msfconsole - metasploit console mode
msfcli - automation interface penetration and exploitation
msflogdump - displays log files sessions
msfplayload - used to generate custom payloads
msfpescan - used to analyze and decompile executables and DLLs
msfencode - an interactive payload encoder encoder
msfupdate - used to check and download the update framework
msfweb - browser-based graphical interface



16-Results.



During the test, register all activities performed, without omission of details, such as methodology, scope, tools used, dates and times, list of the hosts involved, profile of the executing team, purpose of the intrusion with all the vulnerabilities tested or unsuccessful. As a result, you get a list of recommendations for improvements and / or suitability of technology services that support the business. At the end of the analysis, it is a relationship to determine if the tests have caused some damage to the system, ensuring that no other intruders have gained access to the system during the test.

Reinforcing that is not the focus of a team tests apply Corrective Action Plan, and may mischaracterize its purpose - which is to discover and point out security flaws, tending to the business side, unless it is pre-planned and aligned to the project scope.



17-Restrictions.



Some norms that suggest methodologies Intrusion Tests, such as PCI and consider OSSTMM traditional penetration testing as a prerequisite for launching a commercial product.

However, you should think about the cost benefit of X as a long-term solution to the requirements of security control. Allocate a staff CEH is expensive! Companies who invest in hiring their own security personnel to maintain long-term costs of doing Attack and Penetration Test and improve the quality of results, as security professionals are more effective because they become familiar with the internal systems, but if this is not the niche where the company operates, ie, a provider of IT, this resource will soon be obsolete because of their idle use. Hence the hiring of an outside team periodically (every significant change of configuration or deployment of a new system) can be a solution to reduce costs with a new IT project

18-Recommended Reading.

Further reading aid in decision making and understanding of the possible adoption and modeling for any scenario.

ISSAF - Information Systems Security Assessment Framework
OWASP - Open Web Application Security Project
OSSTMM / ISECOM - Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual
NIST Special Publication 800-42: Guidelines on Network Security Testing
NIST Special Publication 800-115: Technical Guide to Information Security Testing and Assessment
19-Conclusion.



An Intrusion Test program is a set of procedures aimed at identifying security flaws in an environment taking advantage of them to break it, obtaining unauthorized access to information and computing resources, and that can help the organization to assess the degree of exposure of information assets, taking appropriate corrective measures in nature.

It also acts as an additive to Risk Analysis, because it identifies vulnerabilities by simulating the vision of an outsider to the organization with hostile intentions. However, its execution is controlled so as not to damage the environment, but only test the effectiveness of any existing controls.

There are several ways to treat the security of a network, system or application and penetration test is just one of many available, however, it shows more concrete results permeating the reality of the company's IT infrastructure, with minimal false positive and negative.

Your results should be used to help point, direct and determine what management actions and priorities will be more suitable for better treatment of the risks inherent in information security, as well as help you select the controls to be implemented and direct resources to the protection, mitigating such risks.

Finally, the intrusion tests and all other related security must be provided and be part of the program within the Information Security Master Plan.

About the Author

Google RealTime quick pre-patch Motorola Flipout

At the Airport | Learn English | Vocabulary


technical writing sample test
technical writing sample test

Report Writing On An Event

report writing on an event"report writing on an event"

How to Write and Submit Online Press Releases Like a Pro

Writing online press releases can help boost your business's online credibility significantly as well as help you get valuable information out to your customers and potential customers. If there is a particular event coming up, a current promotion or exciting news dealing with your company, it's a great idea to share that information with people who are interested, your customers.

Sending out press releases to journalists as well as distributing them to online press release sites and bloggers on a regular basis will increase your sales and build your online reputation. However, in order to begin, you must first know how to write a good press release that won't hurt your business. In order to write a successful press release you need to know what information to include. Here are 8 things that you must keep in mind while writing a press release.

1. Think about who you are trying to reach. Keep in mind the audience you are trying to speak to and don't veer off course. Don't use technical business jargon that your readers won't understand. Remember that many people who read online only skim, so keep the paragraphs short and interesting or you'll lose your readers.

2. Come up with an enticing headline. What good is a well-written press release if the headline is so boring that no one will click on it? Make sure your online press release's headline describes what the PR is about in an interesting way to lure readers in. Remember to keep it short, you only have a few seconds to catch a Web surfer's attention.

3. Find news-related material to write about. Timely, news-worthy press releases will grab readers' attention. Write about a new product or service, industry trends, helpful tips that deal with your business, receiving an award or involvement in a charity, sponsoring an event, opening a new office, etc. The topics are endless; you just have to keep your eyes open for an interesting news story.

4. Include the 5 W's. When writing the press release, make sure to always include information such as "who, what, where, why and when." This is particularly important when you are writing about an event.

5. Always include quotations. Using quotes gives a human interest appeal to the story and makes it more interesting. Include at least one or two in every press release you write.

6. Keep style in mind. When writing an online press release, inverted pyramid style is the best. This is what reporters use for news stories, because it present the most newsworthy information at the beginning followed by the less-crucial details. Writing in inverted pyramid style catches the attention of readers and ensures that even if they drop off after a few paragraphs and stop reading, they still got the most important information.

7. Include keywords. In order to get your press release indexed in Google as fast as possible, make sure to include at least 1-2 keywords. There should be a keyword in the title as well as a few in the body of the PR. This will help people who are searching online stumble across your press release, and they'll be more likely to read it.

8. Provide contact information. Every press release needs to include the name, phone number and email address of at least one contact within the company. This will be the person who will take the phone calls and requests from reporters or others who are inquiring about the information in the press release. Also include the name and address of the company.

After you've written a press release, the next step is to distribute it. There are many press release submission sites online, however, this task can be extremely tedious because each PR should be submitted to several sites. Also you should be submitting a new press release to multiple sites frequently. Here are 3 tips for distributing online press releases.

1. Come up with a plan. Establish goals that you want to reach with your press release campaign and figure out a plan so you can reach those goals. Remember that every press release your write and submit should act as a stepping stone to eventually accomplishing those goals.

2. Make a long-term commitment to submit. When press releases are submitted to multiple sites, it helps build links as well as generates more traffic back to your company's Web site. Sending out press releases on a regular basis will earn your name recognition and increase your chances of gaining readers.

3. Proofread before your submit. Press release sites have strict rules. Make sure to copy and paste your press release perfectly and always double check your work. Take advantage of the "preview" button to make sure your PR doesn't have any HTML or formatting issues that will make it hard to read.

 

About the Author

Wendy Suto is president and CEO of Search Circus, Inc., an ethical SEO firm specializing in organic search engine optimization, blog marketing, Web site copywriting and article marketing solutions. As a certified search engine optimization consultant, she teaches SEO seminars in Cleveland, Ohio. wendy@searchcircus.com

DEMOCRACY JOURNAL EVENT: After Iraq [Part I]


report writing on an event
report writing on an event
report writing on an event

Report Writing Courses London

report writing courses london"report writing courses london"
who could help against a college in london who wrongly took fees from me and wont return it.?

A course was booked for but no conditions were verbalised or in writing.Credit card details were given for booking but not for charging of the fees.Nothing was signed for.I was not able to attend and the fees were deducted and now they wont return the fees and the owner is the only one who can authorise a return.He is always unavailible and no message is getting through. They are avoiding me as much as possible. Is there a specific organisation which one could report this to.

Best person to help you in London is a solicitor. Many would send a warning letter to the college and charge you only Stg£50 to £100 or so for the service. You would be surprized how effective this is! There are other avenues (director of consumer affairs, consumer ombudsman, etc but these offices are beaureaucratic and slow.

Writing Capstone - Writing for the Reader


report writing courses london
report writing courses london
report writing courses london

Training Report Writing Sample

training report writing sample"training report writing sample"

Writing Account Payable Clerk Resume

A resume is a document that contains a brief description of your job experience, academic record and skills. It is the most important piece of paper or vehicle, which can land you in a job or interview! The resume is actually a selling tool which outlines your talents or skills in a manner so that an employer can determine whether you are suitable for the job or not. Hence, it is of utmost importance that your resume highlights you as a competent and knowledgeable person.  

Writing a resume for an Account payable clerk is an easy but you need to pitch your skills in a manner that the recruiter gets impressed! For example, your resume needs to include stuff like, "handled accounts payable, processed and sent purchase orders, tracked budget, prepared extensive and exhaustive report, trained customers and employees and much more." You can see for yourself that all these lines will create a huge impact on the employer- and he/she will get tempted towards selecting you.

Here are some of the basic rules which you need to remember for writing account payable clerk resume:

1. The first part of your resume is the "objective".  A resume objective is a powerful tool which presents your qualities in a convincing/ compelling manner in front of the employer. For example, you may right the objective as, "A goal oriented and dynamic professional with over x years of experience in handling accounts payable, designing system of tax payments,  auditing accounts and recording data, entering account invoices and training employees." A good objective means that your selection chances increase credibly!
2. The second part of the resume is the "job experience" section. Here you need to mention about the tasks or duties that you have performed in the previous 3-5 companies. For example, you may write that you handled all activities related to accounts payable, prepared an extensive financial report, drafted all the official company correspondence, reconciled daily invoice transactions and supervised or trained junior staff. Remember that your "job experience" is your trump card and you need to pitch it as carefully as possible.
3. Now, the next section is the "educational qualification". Here you need to mention about the various degrees and certifications that you hold. You may also mention about the side course, seminars and conferences etc which you ma have attended. It shows that you are a hardworking and meticulous person.
4. Of course, the next step is to write about your talents or skills. For example, you may mention about your inter-personal, communication, analytical, decision-making, typing, computer and bookkeeping skills.
5. Make your resume easy to read or easy flowing. Don't exaggerate where it is not required. Mention your name, address, contact number and e-mail address boldly on top of the resume.

Well, these are some of the tips which you need to follow, if you want to make your resume effective or striking. Just make sure that your resume leaves a lasting impression on the mind of the recruiter!

About the Author

Confused about how to create Portfolio Manager Resume . Read about of Administration Resume at Bank Administration Resume

Writing in Large Classes


training report writing sample
training report writing sample
training report writing sample

Tour Report Writing

tour report writing"tour report writing"
does anybody knows the writing the report of an excursion tour?

Honestly? i do not understand your question...can you add additional details and give better details plz?

i will be checking back.

Warbringer Tour Report 3 - Southeast Asia


tour report writing
tour report writing
tour report writing

Parts Of Report Writing

parts of report writing"parts of report writing"
Interview question - report writing?

Going for an interview tomorrow and part of the job will include writing accurate reports for both staff and clients. I know it's going to be included in the questioning but I've never really had to do it before. What else can I say in place of writing an internal report/external report for clients or internal and external communications when I don't really do this. What are other examples I can use for 'accurate reporting' or 'internal and/or external communications' that I can use in place of this? I currently work as an office administrator. All advice appreciated - no trolls please.

Thanks

You want to play on how you can change your writing style depending on the audience or reader. That will want they want to hear.

Also you want to say how you are speedy, accurate, concise and succinct

Good luck!

Writing University Reports Part 3


parts of report writing
parts of report writing
parts of report writing

How To Write A Mission Report

how to write a mission report"how to write a mission report"

Mission Impossible ? - Make Your Mission Work for You

In the many, many meetings that I have had with business owners, entrepreneurs, managers, company boards, department heads and, just as importantly, those key individuals working in the operational activities of a business one of the issues that generated the widest spectrum of response from participants was that of Mission Statements.

In order to clarify why mission statement have become so important, I first sought out a description of the word “mission” and differentiate between this and “Vision Statements” that also appear in many company profiles.

Vision –“ the act or power of anticipating that which will or may come to be: prophetic vision; the vision of an entrepreneur”; that is more prophetic, less specific and somewhat tenuous. ( I do recommend that you take a brief excursion to The Body Shop website and click “About” where a perfect example of Anita Roddick’s vision can be found.

After excluding all those definitions of “mission” relating to missionary work, armed forces operations and some rather obscure references to “personal relationships” I decided that this one was probably the most appropriate and the most relevant source for further development in this article;

Mission - “an assigned or self-imposed duty or task; calling; vocation”.

So this is the “mission” in our “mission statements”.

During the “fact-finding” phase of my consultancy projects I interview from all levels of the business (if it is an ongoing concern) and/or with the key decision makers and directors as possible. Their respective position regarding their company mission statement is about as varied and unique as the fingerprints of those individuals with whom I am interviewing. How long should they be? What are the key elements that need to be expressed and what, if any, can be implied? Who has input into the wording? Who is responsible for communicating and measuring the results? Should it be an internally constructed document or is it worth investing in savvy marketing and business agencies?

“Mission statement? It’s one of those marketing things isn’t it?”

“What’s that?”

Oh yes, my boss told us about that in the annual department review.”

“Is that Tom Cruise’s latest film?”

You get the picture.

I have seen mission statements that read like the blueprints for Napolean’s march on Stalingrad (and proved to be as effective!) and those which seemed to have been scribbled hastility on the back of an envelope whilst waiting in the rain for a cab.

So, thought I, what is the point of a mission statement?

Who should participate in it’s formulation?

How relevant is it to the actual daily workings of a business?

How, if at all, should it be communicated?

Is there a way to construct an effective statement and how best to ensure that it is relevant to the business and, in my opinion more importantly, its staff?

The following examples a typical specimen and highlights my point perfectly; and, for all you budding company lawyers out there, the names have been changed to protect the innocent!

Company 1

Original statement:

“To be the best seller of teddy bears in the country” Well, that’s straight-forward enough, you may say, clear, memorable and, assuming that they sell teddy bears, appropriate; but let me expand a little by breaking down the statement;

“To be” ….. well, so far so good. It states that the company is focussed on “becoming” something; a statement of intent on improving, or retaining their position in the teddy bear market. Ok – let’s move on.

…. “the best” ….. Well, not quite so good here – the best at what? Number of teddy bear sales?; the nicest to deal with?; the largest mark up?; the strongest brand?; the highest customer satisfaction results?; who measures and decides “the best”?; - you see my point?

… “seller of teddy bears” … what type of teddy bear?; what if they want to branch out into other cuddly, furry animals?; what about what about product reliability/returns?; where is the after-sales service?;

… “in the country”. Fairly straightforward here you may think but does this mean the they will never sell abroad?; is “the country” England, the UK, Great Britain? And finally, over what period is the measurement going to take place? Over a sales year or on that 3rd Thursday in June last year, you remember, following the Great teddy bear plague of old London town.

So, whilst I have not exhausted all of the potential weaknesses in the statement I am sure that you see my point. Now onto who should be aware of this mysterious mission statement? Is it just something on the management To Do List and tucked away in the board room with the original business plan and the pile of pens that came back from the printers with the wrong coloured logo?

In my opinion, whether you are writing a mission statement or a shopping list, if you aren’t going to use it, don’t bother writing it out in the first place. If it suits your business to slowly meander down the aisles browsing at the latest exotic products, picking something from here, something else from there and hoping that there is enough money in your purse to pay for it all when you are done then so be it; but I think we all know the folly of that method. In which case, let’s revisit the above statement so that I may present you with some alternative thoughts;

“To be ….” – all OK here for now so let’s move on.

… “the best” … - say’s who? It could be more specific. The number of items sold; the value of total sales; incorporate some customer satisfaction feedback; consider all aspects of the sale so that stakeholders, managers and staff all understand what and how they become “the best”.

… “seller of teddy bears” …. Maybe expand seller to include distribution, service and maintenance, industry measurements; product development; other products and supplementary/complimentary product revenues.

… “in the country”. This may be enough but the more specific the target market then the more easily achievements can be monitored, measured and communicated.

Next I considered the range of responses that I received regarding who should be aware of the statement. Unfortunately, in the vast majority of cases, the mission statement seemed to be something that senior management and company directors were aware of (although an embarrassing number could not accurately recite to me their own company statement word for word and some hardly even had the gyst of it!) and the more I discussed it with line and operational staff, the less there was any awareness and even less association of and with it. It struck me then, and more so now, that the directors/board were missing a massive opportunity. That of not only being clear and precise about the direction, values and performance criteria of the company but also that unless some, if not all, of the key measures incorporated into the mission statement were filtered down throughout the whole organisation then the chance of actually achieving the required results were far less likely. Incorporating statement values into management objectives and staff targets, whether qualitative or quantitative, invariably improved results at an individual, departmental and company level.

I wish to expand on the principle a little further and maybe make something of a bold statement;

Vision statements and Mission statements ARE NOT THE EXCLUSIVE territory of businesses. There, I have said it! You can come up with your own. In my dealings with personal development coaches as well as many business coaches it is clear that the principles to improvement and achievement are similar. They require clarity and focus; intent and commitment. Also a method of measurement and a timeframe in which to gauge the results.

Try it for yourself. It does not have to be overly sophisticated but you DO have to be honest and realistic with yourself (and/or your fellow business/life partners) which is frequently a larger stumbling block than first anticipated!

I am pretty certain that Napolean did not stand upon a hilltop on the Russian border and recite his mission statement to the troops but maybe if he had done they would have given him direct and relevant feedback about the Russian winter, supply and logistics issues, ammunition supplies and the tactics of the opposition – all vital elements indeed in a campaign to expand his unique “product” into an unknown but attractive new market.

I have unfortunately witnessed the pain of businesses that start with the best intentions, products and energy only to flounder because they were not actually sure what they wished to achieve. Market share, most sales, better work/life balance, locations abroad etc etc – all admirable and valid hopes but without a co-ordinated, defined and specific mission they lost their way. Sad but true. I will close by loosely para-phrasing a well known but under-deployed saying by Mark Twain;

“if you don’t know where you are going, how do you know when you get there?

Think about it – for yourself AND your business.

• What is the point of a mission statement?

Your mission statement should be just that !! It is a description of EXACTLY what you wish to achieve, how you are going to achieve it, what resources are required, the timescale and an appropriate series of measurements/performance indicators.

• How long should the mission statement be?

Clearly there is no absolute and definitive answer here as it very much depends upon the size and scope of your (business or personal) mission !!; but that said, I have found that as independent business owners and SME management teams start to truly focus on their mission (and have sorted the “would likes” from the “must haves” and the “vision” from the “mission”) that the average size is usually between 1500 and 2000 words; half to a full size A4 sheet in other words.

• What are the key elements that need to be expressed and what, if any, can be implied?

Again this is personal/business specific BUT key elements that typically create the most effective statements include;

Product/service revenue and/or profits

Quantity measures (of volume)

“Traffic”/visitors

Reference to Return on Investment

Brand awareness

Customer feedback/satisfaction

Market share

Corporate Social Responsibility/Environmental issues

Product development/investment

Corporate values

Timescales

Fixed measurement criteria

Staff development/satisfaction

Stakeholder satisfaction

The important issue really is to be clear, honest and realistic!

• Who should participate in it's formulation?

Simply, the key decision makers MUST be the key delivery mechanism and vice versa. The mission must be CREATED AND OWNED by the people/person/team that will be responsible for delivering it. Inclusion in the creation process of your mission ensures a mission that is clear, comprehensive and relevant.

• How relevant is it to the actual daily workings of a business?

In a word, vital. Integral to your daily activities, your resource and time planning, your measurements and reports, the mission should be behind every objective, strategy and task – from the Chairman to the trainee, from the field to the desk, first thing in the morning to last thing at night. It IS that important if you want it to work. And why would you not ??

• How, if at all, should it be communicated?

This is more sensitive. Some of the mission MAY include sensitive activities, data or targets and discretion is required but as a general comment, open and clear communication usually encourages support and understanding which, in my experience, is the best way to deal with people. If you are completing a “personal” mission then who you tell is clearly up to you but generally, if you need support then tell those who you may require to help why you are doing it and what you hope to achieve. In a business environment, keep it visible wherever reasonable and possible.

• Is there a way to construct an effective statement and how best to ensure that it is relevant to the business and, in my opinion more importantly, its staff?

Typically, involve the “key players”. Inclusion invites support. Brainstorm. Detach and review. Filter out the generalizations and exploit the creativity of the participants. Word and re-word but BE SPECIFIC and clear. It is not always possible nor is it realistic to include everyone but if a person or team or department is vital to the business, and therefore to the mission, then their inclusion in the process usually ensures their support of its delivery. Imposition is possible but incorporation is preferred.

• Should it be an internally constructed document or is it worth investing in savvy marketing and business agencies?

Honestly? – both!!! There are excellent resources out there but I have found that generally, once the creative ball is rolling, the momentum is from the owners and not the agency. Good coaches/consultants bring independence and detachment. They do not get hooked up on “restrictions” such as people, politics or internal point scoring. They bring calm to the creative storm BUT the business/person owns the mission and I have seen too many times money wasted on savvy marketing agencies that steer the decisions or delay and extend the process for their own goals. Also, ensure that when you engage a consultant that they are capable and available to move the mission statement to the next level – how can you deliver it ???

It is an essential phase of business development and direction; don’t invest time and energy into something that sits in a drawer.

Your mission is the starting point – making it work is the next step !!!!!

About the Author

Phil Birch
Business Editor
the 3rd i
www.the3rdi.co.uk
www.birchcommercial/wordpress.com

Sub Terrania OST - Mission Report


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