I admit, the idea of quadrupling your business with AB testing (or any kind of technique for that matter) sounds like a bit of a hyped up claim.
But, before you disregard the idea and go somewhere else let me explain how it really is possible.
In fact, it's not only possible, most of the time it's not even difficult and you'll wish you'd have used this technique earlier.
So if such a massive increase in business is feasible why isn't everyone doing it?
These companies already are and they seem to be doing ok out of it:
Amazon.com
Google
Microsoft
BBC
eBay
I've just started to use this technique myself and I've already quadrupled my mailing list subscriber rate after just two days of testing.
Ok, that's enough of the hype, let's get down to business with some facts and explanations of how you can use this technique in your business.
A Real Example of AB Testing
Many of the most successful marketers are compulsive testers, they split test everything. So what is split testing, or AB testing as it's sometimes known as?
It's really simple. To use my mailing list example I just swap the heading above the subscription fields automatically every five minutes, technically very easy to do.
Both headings are true, they have to be because we're not here to mislead potential prospects, but I reword them slightly and use a different emphasis.
For example at the time of writing this I'm split testing two headings, one with emphasis on "business mindset tips", the other with emphasis on "business ideas".
I'd been using the "business mindset" heading with reasonable but not great results for months now. However, I noticed that most people find my website in Google by searching for business ideas so I thought I'd test a new heading related to that.
It turns out after only a couple of days of split testing that four times as many people subscribe with the new header. That's an impressive result for the first test, I wish I'd done this months ago.
But that's not the end of it. What I'll do is take the winner of the two headings and then split test that against another heading.
Can you see where this is going? If I keep repeating the process, keeping the winner and split testing it against another heading I'll more than quadruple my subscription rate. I'll find headings which work better and better the more I test.
The best thing about this is that it's easy, free and it totally removes the guesswork, something I always try to do.
How Can You Use AB Testing
With internet marketing split testing is easy. You can use some code to automatically do the split testing for you, then use something like Google Analytics to create goals and track conversion rates.
However, it's not difficult in offline businesses either. Direct marketers have been using split testing for years.
They send out samples of sales letters with slightly different headings or text and see what converts the best before they send out the letters to thousands of people.
It's important though to only change one variable in each of your split tests. For example if you were to change the heading AND text between two sales letter samples, how would you know if it was the heading or the text which increased/decreased conversion rated?
You wouldn't, so it's important to only test one small change at a time.
A good way to track your results in both online and offline businesses is to use promo codes, especially if you offer a discount.
Wherever you usually advertise your business, try creating two adverts with slightly different headings. Offer a small discount in both but use a different promo code in each.
When your customers use the promo code to get their discount you'll know which advert persuaded them to purchase.
With that information you can easily work out which advert works the best. If both ads had the same exposure then it's simply the one with the biggest number of promo code uses.
Remember though, only change one thing at a time between the two ads under test and repeat the process, keeping the winning ad each time and swapping the loser for a new idea.
My Own Experience of Split Testing
I've used split testing many times in the past with great success. My biggest mistake with my mailing list was making assumptions that I knew what my subscribers wanted and not to split test from the start.
I also split test the actual emails I send out, sending out the same email to two different groups but changing only the subject line.
It's surprising how different subject lines (effectively a sales letter heading) can make a massive difference to the email open rates.
In the past I've also split tested sales letters on my websites. Tweaking and testing the headline has literally turned some of my product sales from one or two a month to fifteen or more.
Google AdWords is a great advertising service which makes split testing so easy you'd be crazy not to do it.
I used AdWords for about a year and split tested right to the point where Google scored me 10/10 for my keywords/adverts/landing page combinations. This made my ads much cheaper and more cost effective.
I also split tested the AdWords headings and text until click though rates were around 20%. They started off at below 1% in the early days. Conversion rates for people who purchased/subscribed were well into the double figures too.
In conclusion, split testing really works and using it will give you a massive competitive advantage if your competitors aren't using it. They won't have a clue how you're managing to continually out sell them.
About the Author
Jason is a freelance Software Engineer who is a keen blogger, has run a number of online businesses and is also in the property letting business. His interests include researching and teaching the business mindset, his goal being to learn all there is to know about how to be a successful entrepreneur and to pass this information on to others. For more information visit: http://BusinessMindsetExpert.com or follow him at http://Twitter.com/JRKtm
learn technical writing"learn technical writing" Communication or Professional Writing?
I am trying to decide whether I should get a BA in Communication or Professional Writing. At my university, from what I can tell, the only difference between the two is that professional writing is more hands on (learning how to send messages corretly, technical writing such as website building, etc) and communication is more theory based, but covers a wider ranger of com than just writing.
I am planning on pairing the major I choose with an additional major in Global Studies. I want to work with/for international companies as a communications editor or something along those lines. Also, the idea of working in the school systems as a teacher or administator eventually. I understand I will have to go back to school for some training in this area.
Does anyone have some advice as to which degree would be more useful for my interests?
I give the edge to Communication since it covers more than writing and gives you broader experience and opportunities./
Learn to design technical documents and publications with SFU Continuing Studies
Descriptive Techniques In Writing - Amazing Report !
Many writers among us are in the dark as to what a descriptive writing application is and the many ways it can assist us to produce high-quality text. Using words to effectively communicate with others enables us to reach many of our goals: what we want in terms of work, family, community… Make sure you peruse this quick and informative article to be sure that your next paper "makes the grade."
Sending out reports or other documents that scream "proofread me!" is quite embarrassing. Fortunately for writers everywhere, there has recently been a series of advances in the technical aspects of what we call the writing process. Some of you may at first be skeptical, but while doing some research i learned about a state-of-the-art system that automatically corrects your english writing. It seems that this tool will detect and correct possible problem areas in Emails as well as other important documents. If you are one of the many who are confused by the proper use of its and it's, as one example, this specialized tool can be invaluable.
These days, it's become so popular that anyone looking on the web for the answers to tricky english questions will no doubt find out about this useful tool. With this technology you can better communicate with others, particularly if writing is hard for you. Because this tool will be installed on your pc, it can be used on the spot to correct your writing in whatever text-creating application you might choose, for example Word processors, pdf creators, etc. It seems like with today's state-of-the-art technology, just about anything is attainable.
The creation of a tool like this is very difficult; this is the reason that a web search for a descriptive writing application won't provide a great assortment of tools to choose from. With this utility we'll be able to have more confidence in our english, of great importance in clearly written documents. During these times of constant technological change, It's amazing to think about what will happen with man-made intelligence in five or ten years. After you've read this brief introduction, Why not get started with your new english assistant - you can start enjoying the benefits in just a few minutes from now. You may forward this brief report to all those who might want to improve their english writing; I'm sure they will thank you the next time they pick up a pen.
technical writer work from home"technical writer work from home" What's a secure job that I can do from home?
I would really like to work from home. I don't have many technical skills but I can type fairly quickly and am good at talking on the phone. I'm also an okay writer when provided with a concept/assignment. I'm looking for something that doesn't involve much risk; I don't need to make a lot of money, though I would like to make at least $20/hour (not a requirement). I think a lot of you misunderstood the question. I'm looking for a job to make money, not spend it or "invest" it.
medical transcription..... i'm doing it. careerstep.com... and get the platinum pkg, they DO find work for you... i'm making over twice what you want, WITH medical insurance paid... it's about 1800 bucks but u can get grants and loans... and no risk, like with fly by night websites. ps: they also have medical coding. you can take classes at own pace, i went thru VERY quickly.......
my sister takes reservations over the phone... dangit i can't remember the name of the company... i'll post it for you tomorrow.... kk?
money1.wmv
technical writer work from home technical writer work from home
If you are a company or a project manager, check out these 7 mistakes of web project managers to gain some insight into some things you should avoid when it comes to managing a web project.
content design (the actual writing on the pages, as well as the design of any other media types used to communicate content as opposed to site interaction)
FACT: users only care about content. The message has to be the message and the medium is not the message. Usability of a website is also extremely important to users. If they can’t figure out how to use your website, then they will leave immediately.
1. Not Understanding the Company’s Goals This is by far the biggest issue I see when I evaluate a site for SEO and Marketing. It baffles me as to how many websites I see on a daily basis that make we wonder who the target market is. I evaluated an electronics company the other day, and it read like a technical document. By the second page, I was lost. Guess what? Consumers viewing this site are too.
In this day and age, you need a website, to be considered as a professionally run organization. Its fine if you only want to create a virtual business-card site with a small amount of corporate imagery, directions to your offices, corporate affiliations, goals, investment relations, etc. Honestly, this is not the most effective use of the web for your business, as you are not targeting consumers. Your job as a project manager should always be assisting companies in finding ways in which they can provide legitimate customer value on their site.
2. Designing a site for the company executives and employees Internally-focused websites sites cause companies to end up with home pages full of useless mission statements, corporate history, the CEO’s CV, etc. While most of this is necessary, make sure it all goes on the “About Us” or “Company Info” page, not the home page. The website should be designed with customers' needs in mind and not to promote or pump-up the company without any regard for the consumer. Building a site for the company executives only serves one target audience: the executives. So make sure you build a website for the people who you want to sell your products or services to. If you want to make the executives happy, then build an Intranet with an internal website dedicated to all things about the company. Intranets are a great way for employees and executives to communicate and work together to accomplish the goals of the company. But the truth is, Consumers WILL NOT buy from you if they do not feel important and respected.
3. Outsourcing certain aspects of the web design project to Multiple Agencies
If you are planning on outsource every Web project to a new agency (or even worse, India), your site will end up looking like a patchwork quilt instead of a simple and clean interface. As with most agencies or outsourced companies, they want to put their own individual stamp of creativity on it. This tends to end up in a huge mess. The goal here is consistency.
Users and Consumers do not like to click on different pages where the design aspect changes from page to page. In their eyes, you have lost your credibility and will most likely lose sales and repeat business. Not only that, if the company plans to use the website to showcase to investors, well, guess what they are going to think also? A website is more than just a calling card, its Y-O-U. With that said, having a mismatched design, only stands to make you look unprofessional.
Use only one agency or design firm to design the site from start to finish. Make sure they have the skills and talent and above all, communication ability to provide the services. Communication breakdowns or no communication are what kills many a web project.
4. Don’t forget about Maintenance and updates The Internet changes so fast that a major redesign is needed at least once per year simply to avoid a completely outdated look and to accommodate changing user expectations. You will always need to develop and implement fresh content. Using a Content Management System (CMS) is by far the best way to avoid spending a ton on site redesigns. CMS systems are easy to manage and changing the template (face) of the website is relatively easy and cost-effective.
5. Underestimating the need for Marketing when designing a web project Like I said earlier, designing a site for the executives is a HUGE mistake and if that is the case, you can throw out any marketing strategies you have. Another big thing to remember is building a site without Search Engine Optimization in mind. So if you build an all flash based website, the search crawlers will not be able to read it and index it, and some users (especially those still on dial-up) will not be able to even view your website. Another negative about flash is that the user must have the most current flash player installed in order to view your site properly. If users have to take the time to install software to view your site, most will leave immediately.
The key here is to make a website for the consumer and make it as easy as possible for them to navigate. CMS systems are built with SEO in mind, so check them out. Wordpress currently has a plug in called All-In-One that works great. So does Joomla, which has now incorporated Meta information that you can easily fill out with titles and keywords that are relevant to each page.
About the Author
Gary Nicholson is the project manager for Relevant Trafik, a search marketing, social media, and web design agency located in Los Angeles. For tips, tricks and daily news about all things SEO, Internet marketing, and Web design, be sure and follow Relevant Trafik on twitter: @relevanttrafik
Being a technical writer always gives you an opportunity to explore new dimensions and come up with some great ideas. This field is indeed great for people who have technical knowledge but also want to use their language skills. Technical writing is a still in a stage of evolution where there are things yet to be more properly established but with more and more learned people venturing in this line the future is indeed bright.
Technical writing like any other technical or managerial line has its own rules and processes. It largely depends on understanding and how well a person can articulate the ideas into words. In case you have the ability to clearly express your understanding in words precisely then certainly you have the spark to be a technical writer. A lot of organizations offer very good and challenging positions to tech writers as these companies understand the value if communicating with the end users in a comprehensive manner.
The Prerequisites for Being a Technical Writer In case you want to be a technical writer then you should have necessary skills for successfully performing in the dynamic industry. Some people presume that this line is simply about writing instructions; however this is not the case. Lets discuss some of the things you should posses for being a tech writer.
* Excellent Grammar and language skills It is extremely important and certainly a prerequisite for being a tech writer that you are well aware of the various rules and notions in grammar. You should never have confusion about the tenses and other parts of speech. Though vocabulary is also important still you can manage as no much difficult words are needed here. Sentence structuring and error free composition is always required.
* Technical Knowledge and understanding of terms Being technically qualified helps a lot technical writers. If you understand the terms technical terms used in IT, it would be a lot easier for you to document the stuff; else a lot of dependence would be on the developers. So if you posses these two attributes then you certainly can be a good tech writer.
Prashant T Verma is working as a technical writer with one of the reputed I.T. companies. He have total 3 years of writing experience.Please visit www.prashant-t-verma.blogspot.com
ENG 352 Technical Writing - 37 - PowerPoint Templates
Dont get discourage if you feel like you dont have any skills in writing. As a result, you wont get your work done if you keep on believing that way. You might wonder how certain individuals had produced such a wonderful and successful piece in writing.
You should always keep in mind that all of these successful and experts writers start from scratch and eventually, they progress in the field of writing. Therefore, one can improve gradually in terms of their writing abilities and this is not something that only selected people can have. A person can possess a writing talent since they are first born and they develop this ability for them to improve and became better writers. This is something that one can acquire through constant practice and application.
If you really want to write, if you really want to be a writer or if you want to accomplish any writing task that has given unto you, despite having a little confidence on what you can do and even if you believe that you cant write well, you can achieve that kind of writing goal through constant practice. Having this kind of determination to write helps you to improve your writing skills.
Although anyone can be a better writer, there are only few of them who possess this kind of determination to pursue their writing.
Many people are born with writing talent. However, few are able to develop it enough to get to a level where they can make a living as professionals.
When you first discover your affinity with the written word, its usually a pleasant surprise. Anytime we find ourselves good at something, its natural to feel some amount of joy and pride because of it. Almost instantly, you become interested in everything that has to do with it. Because of that, you write.
You write to exercise your creative juices. You write to share what you know with as many people as possible. You write to entertain readers who appreciate your ability to play with words. Apart from doing all that, we suggest another one: try writing with the sole goal of developing your technical abilities.
Basic writing ability, unfortunately, is seldom enough to make a real living as a writer. Talent without technical development is tantamount to having a DIY kit without any instructions on how to build it. Chances are, youll end up making mistakes left and right, apart from turning out less-than-ideal results.
If you have inklings of becoming a professional in the writing field, then never discount the value of technical skills. Raw talent affords you basic communication, the same way that writing software can help you clean up poor grammar and syntax. The learned and honed skills are what puts everything over the edge.
Learn to value your writing abilities. Dont stop on practicing or inventing new writing styles which you can sooner apply it into a different kind of writing task. This way, it will help you to improve your writing and to prove that anyone can write effectively if they really want to.
About the Author
See how innovative Writing Software instantly can boost your English writing and watch how NLP technology can help you to write perfect emails, essays, reports and letters. More Info.
Technical Writing Skills : Steps to Copyrighting Music
Our essay writing site is the place where students get essay writing help from. We have the best business report paper writers who have gone all essay writing steps and have shown they are capable of writing original papers. Writers from our writing company are trained such that they manage to tackle even those difficult business report paper writing assignments. Most essay writing companies are unable to meet their customer's demands simply because they do not recruit writers who qualify in writing academic essays. Our essay writing company will provide you with different types of business report paper writings which will help you get grades which are higher. Some of our business report paper services include proposal writing, business speech writing, business plan essays, and business report analysis services.
When writing your business report papers ensure that you have enough time and the required skills of writing academic papers. Your essay readers or audience plays a major role when deciding what to write. Your essay writing topic should be researchable so that you do not present business report paper which does not catch the attention of your readers. If your essay is targeted to pass in the minds of many know that you have a lot to do because you must consider what each an every individual should like. When writing any academic work ensures that your essay has the intended information. What is the purpose of the business report paper? Most students do not know what their assignments are supposed to serve hence just write anything they feel. This is a worse situation simply because you might end up submitting different expectations with that of your tutor. Our writing company is there to rescue you from such worries. We shall provide you with the best essay writer.
If you feel that you do not know what you will write, contact our essay writing company and we shall help you with custom services. Writings from our business report paper company are original and that has made students trust our services hence using them even in times of their personal problems. Our company will provide you with quality business report paper writing tips which even helps you in developing your careers. Our online essay writings have been set such that they cater for all students. We have services which range from high school up to PhD levels. Our writers have experience of writing business report papers of all those academic levels. Most students have benefited from companies which provide genuine services but currently there is a risk of purchasing papers from online companies.
Our writing services has for years provided the best business report papers. The reason behind this is that all our writings are written from scratch. Another thing which has made our writing company the best is using essay writing software which checks our business report papers. Purchasing business report papers from our essay writing company helps many students who do not know what they expect with online services. The reason behind this is that we have a panel of customer care representative who will show you how to go about online activities. Services from our essay writing company have met international standards and that is why thousands of students do purchase business report papers from us.
About the Author
Author is associated with researchpapers247.com which is a global writing company that offerBusiness Report Papers & Custom research Papers provider. If you would like help in Business Report Paper and Buy essays you can visit researchpapers247.com
XtraReports in Business: Streamlining the Design-Time Experience
report writing business report writing business report writing business
Child Custody Evaluation – Now That You Have Your Report, Do You Negotiate For More, Stop, Go Back?
Once your high conflict custody battle reaches the custody evaluators final report stage you find yourself at a new crossroads. Now you have a decision to make. Based on the findings of the custody evaluator you have 3 choices.
Accept the report as is.
Negotiate with the other parent for some changes.
Reject the report and ask the court to assign a different evaluator.
How do you know which of these options you should take? Let’s look at each one.
Accepting the custody evaluators report as is may not be as straight forward as you might think. The best reason to accept it is because it is written completely in your favor. The worst reason to accept is because you don’t like it but cannot afford to have another report done.
Accepting a report because it is in your favor is a no brainer. But the far more difficult choice is to feel that 98% of the report is in your favor and you want one more thing that is very important to you. You would be far better off to accept the report as is. The point is that you have an evaluator agreeing with you on virtually every point. If you negotiate a new item, you lose the opportunity to file the original report and more importantly the direct quotes that you can pull from for years to come. Besides, if you are high conflict this is quite likely only the first evaluation. Yes, there may be one or two more. You can ask for additional changes then.
Negotiating with the other parent can be valuable if you both have equal items to exchange that are important to each of you. I consider this to be an infrequent outcome. Do not negotiate if you are giving up something important and not gaining more in return.
Rejecting the custody evaluators report and asking for another should be done when the report has errors, like considering income as a factor, or when the report is biased. One possible reason for bias is that one of the parents and the evaluator did not hit it off. Remember that if you decide to ask for another evaluation you had better figure out how to change the report in your favor. Learn how the evaluator is required to write their report and act accordingly.
Ed Brooks knows firsthand how painful a High Conflict Child Custody battle can be and has created a site where parents can get advice on how to handle all aspects of a high conflict Child Custody battle.
tools used in technical writing"tools used in technical writing"
Improve Technical Writing - Breaking News !
Based on experiences of actual users, we know that a technical writing improvement utility will greatly enhance your writing competence for the rest of your life. Writing is a powerful tool that allows us to fulfill a lot of our aspirations - these can include family, money, respect, etc. Be sure to check out the following brief report before your next writing assignment.
One can successfully argue that the written word is the most important mode of communication in the modern age. In spite of the fact that machines can't analyze written language in the same way we humans do, a lot of headway has been made that i'd like to tell you about. You're no doubt used to investing hard work in your writing, but i recently found out about a unique technology that has the power to straighten out your writing troubles. Just picture a digital helper which clearly points out and can correct words and phrases that need attention - at the moment you write them. Visualize your reaction upon noticing a spelling or grammar blunder as you're handing your Essay for example.
The fact of the matter is, writers looking on the web for any easy solution to english grammar woes will almost definitely encounter this one-of-a-kind system. If you'd like to make the writing process easier, it's been proven that this tool will assist you to make your text something you can be proud to put your name on. Fortunately, this software is always there when you need it, so it can be easily used to proofread in all of your writing projects through programs such as Email tools, powerpoint, and on and on. Most people have neither the time nor the aptitude for writing faultless english as you have to study and memorize all the intricacies of the language; luckily with this helpful tool some of that burden is no longer necessary.
Seeing is believing - when you first try out a technical writing improvement utility you will surely agree as to the incredible support that it provides. The written word is surely your most significant way of expressing thoughts and ideas, thus it's important for it to be upheld with both care and competence. It is my sincere hope that we'll see a wealth of this technology in the near future - it can change a diffident writer into a confident one. After you've read this brief introduction, You have nothing to lose by trying out this program - you can be up and running after a quick and easy download and installation. Another feature of this system: if you happen to be a parent of young children, then it can definitely help them to develop their overall english skills.
writing a technical report_2"writing a technical report"
Best Tips To Know When You Are Writing A Weather Report
"A written or spoken statement describing what the weather has been like recently, what it is like at the moment or what it will be for a period in the future."
OR
"A daily report of meteorological observations, and of probable changes in the weather; esp. one published by government authority".
Writing a Weather Report
A weather report is a bit technical as compared to other report writing you have been practicing earlier. You need to choose words and phrases correctly and pt 24 hours. Following are the important information elements included in a typical weather analysis report: Stn: Station ID Temp: Present temperature (°C) MinT: Minimum temperature (°C) recorded over the last 18 hours MaxT: Maximum temperature (°C) recorded over the last 18 hours RH: Present RH (%) WndDir: Wind direction WndSpd: Wind speed (km/h) WndGust: Wind gust (km/h) Rain_mm: Rain since last report (mm) Snow_cm: Snow since last report (cm) Hail_mm: Hail since last report (mm) FFMC – Fine Fuel Moisture Code
Step By Step Guide for Writing A Weather Report
Go through the following steps carefully to learn what is required and not required in a weather report. These steps will help you in building a strong foundation on weather reporting.
Get Sample Weather Reviews from Your Local and National Weather Services
Before writing a weather report, visit the National Weather Service and ask them to show you a few samples on weather reporting. This will give you a good idea of the information required.You can also visit official websites of local weather agencies and ask for online assistance.
Provide Complete Weather Statistics
For writing a weather report, you need to provide an overall view of the weather condition of your area. This will include humidity, dew point, Ultraviolet ray index, direction and speed of wind, temperature, barometric pressure, rating of air quality and precipitation amount. Mentioning the timings of sunrise and sunset and visibility information would be a plus.
Include Average Temperatures of the Current Year
Your weather report must include the average low and high temperature for the current year. Historical information about the weather changes taking place since past few years is optional.
Helpful Resources for Weather Analysis
Satellite map and weather forecasting are the two key tools which will help you greatly in creating a weather report.
Satellite Map
With the help of satellite map, explain the temperature and other weather indications for the past few hours. Point out the areas under pressure and explain why it is so; based on the wind and storm pressure information.
Make educated guess about how the weather would be like in the next couple of hours. A satellite map will also show you the weather conditions of the neighboring areas; on this basis, you can predict weather changes of your city or state.
Weather Forecast
Weather forecast makes a significant part of weather report. It can be defined as:
"An attempt at predicting rain, wind, temperature, and sunshine with the probability of success rapidly diminishing over time."
OR
"It is the prediction of the weather through application of the principles of physics and meteorology. Weather forecasting predicts atmospheric phenomena and changes on the Earth's surface caused by atmospheric conditions (snow and ice cover, storm tides, floods, etc.). Scientific weather forecasting relies on empirical and statistical techniques, such as measurements of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, and precipitation, and computer-controlled mathematical models."
Writing Style of a Weather Report Review
The writing style of weather forecast must be to the point; no fillers are required. You must choose your words and phrases correctly and arrange them in a way that the information looks precise and accurate, and fits well in one or two lines.
Examples of Weather Reports
The following examples will give you a good idea on how to write a weather report. Also note the difference in formatting.
Partly cloudy in the evening, becoming cloudy overnight. Low around 55 F. Winds S at 5 to 10 mph
Sun may give way to rain for this evening, with a 10 percent chance of precipitation and a low of 50 degrees. Winds are expected to remain calm at 9 mph
Clear with cloudy periods; a slight chance of showers or thundershowers
Mostly clear with showers likely. Slight chance of a thunderstorm. 3 to 6 mm of rain
official report writing format"official report writing format"
English-Persian Word Formation with an Eye on Culture and Thought Effects
1. Introduction
As per Carroll (2007), Locke (1690) came to change that old belief saying that thought is independent of language and language is dependent on thought. Word forms are merely reflections of some underlying ideas. It is thought which determines the selection of word forms.
In Vygotsky's view, however, language and thought are logically distinct but contingently related. Vygotsky (1962) stated that "the structure of speech is not simply the mirror image of the structure of thought." In other words, thought is restructured as it is transformed into speech, and completed in the word. He concludes that in growing up within a particular linguistically structured relationship, the child begins to perceive the world not only through its eyes but also through its speech. And later it is not just seeing but acting that is informed by words.
This study is particularly important in that it gives language students a deeper insight into learning vocabulary of the language so that they understand words better and keep them longer.
The following questions will be addressed:
1. What is the effect of thought on word formation?
2. Does culture play a role in forming words?
3. How does word formation process differ in English and Persian?
2. Review of the literature
2.0 Preliminaries
As a history of this topic, this researcher found the Chinese professor Wang Aiguo (1997) who ran a similar study to this one "A Comparison of Word-formation between Chinese and English"; yet it was quite syntactic with little reference to culture or thought patterns.
According to Wang, through studying and analyzing rules of Chinese and English word formation, both Chinese L2 and English L2 learners can also enlarge their native language vocabulary in addition to finding out the similarities and differences between the two languages concerned. Finally he came to the conclusion that through a detailed comparison of word-formation between the two languages, similarity exists between the two although they belong to different writing systems, one is graphic and the other alphabetic; one is inflectional (English) while the other is not. Both languages have compounds, affixations, conversions, blends, abbreviations and loans.
This researcher is particularly interested in semantics and culture by choosing colors, objects, numbers, measure units, address terms, animal terms, religious terms, flowers, stars and planetsdomains to achieve the goals of the thesis.
2.1 Object terms
Gopnik and Choi (1994) examined the linguistic and cognitive development of Korean- speaking children. Compared to English, Korean uses fewer nouns. They found that Korean children were delayed in categorization tasks and the naming explosion. Subsequently in 1995 they discovered that Korean children were superior to the English in means-ends abilities and success/failure words. English speakers were superior in categorization and naming; Korean used more verbs but fewer nouns.
The birth of grammar in children is also worth taking note of. They use single words as a complete sentence and follow the grammatical patterns used by their parents. The effect of social setting and children's interaction here is quite clear.
A grammatical influence on cognition was also tested by many. Some are presented here to help the topic at issue.
2.2 Grammatical marking of form
Carroll and Casagrande (1958) compared Navaho and English. They observed that in Navaho, the form of the verb for handling an object varies with the form or shape of the object. The verb varies if the object is a long flexible object versus a flat flexible or a long rigid one. On this basis, they proposed that Navaho-speaking children would learn to discriminate the forms of objects at an earlier age than English-speaking children do.
2.3 Grammatical marking of gender
English grammatical gender is limited to singular personal pronouns only- he, she, it. Spanish extends this issue to verbs and nouns as well.
Martinez and Shatz (1996) examined this effect on categorization in 3 to 4- year old children. They presented Spanish-English children with pictures of animate and inanimate objects and asked them to put in their belonging groups. There were similarities and differences in their strategies to use. One- third of the Spanish children sorted them by gender while English ones did not so. They concluded that sometimes at least young children may use grammatical gender for classification.
3. Methodology
We need to refer to word formation processes both in English and Persian in order to find out some of the sources which contributed to having a new word. In English, Word formation processes include etymology, coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronyms and derivations.
Persian shares some of those suggested above yet not all of them. Etymology, coinage, borrowing, compounding, acronyms and derivations are prevalent ways of forming words in Persian as well.
3.1 Materials & instruments
A well-known short story titled Animal Farm by Orwell in English with two different translations by Firoozbakht and Amirshahi were utilized to find required data about the use and translation of certain words in the specified domains; besides, a Persian short story entitled " Ahuye Kuhi " authored by Mahmood Golab Darrehi was used to atone for any probable defects arisen from translation job and thereby to tap into the Persian culture.
Additionally, I should say that researcher's reference was not limited to the aforesaid books and made use of various other books as well- Burke's Street Talk containing American slangs and Perrine's English Poetry also remained in focus. They were found so rich and useful to give us lots of words which will be discussed within our specified domains.
3.2 Procedure of Data collection
The researcher used the materials mentioned above to collect required data. The data were found sufficient after referring to some other books in English such as Perrine's English Poetry and Burke's Street Talk; these two especially helped the researcher to tap an insight into the way English speakers think and how it comes to affect their building a vocabulary system.
It should be noted that the whole books were taken into critical consideration without applying any certain sampling procedure. Facing a pertinent word or a hint in the specified domains, the researcher highlighted them and hard copied for later use. Thus any categorization in domains of colors, numbers, objects, measure units, address terms ,animal terms, religious terms , flowers, stars and planets were noticed along with attention paid to special grammatical points which were expected to help find the influence of culture and thought on building the vocabulary system in both languages.
3.3. Data analysis procedure
The procedure to analyze the data was not statistic in nature; yet, this researcher made partly use of a certain framework utilized by Yarmohammadi (2002) to see into the classification and/or translation of words.
The framework at issue extends the aforesaid framework taking colors, objects, numbers, measure units, address terms, animal terms, religious terms, flowers, stars and planets into consideration, which are helpful here to achieve the goal of the thesis. Besides, a categorization of words and equivalent translations is studied syntactically from viewpoint of being simple, compound, complex, complex-compound, idioms, unities and so on.
Results and discusions
* Persian vocabulary
This language makes extensive use of word building techniques such as affixingand compounding to derive new words from roots. Persian has also had considerable contact with other languages, resulting in many borrowings.
*Local word formation
Persian language has proved to be so strong and powerful in word building and especially potent in ways a word can be built from combining affixes, stems, nouns and adjectives. Persian frequently uses derivations to build its vocabulary from nouns, adjectives, and verbal stems. New words are extensively formed by combining two existing words into a new one. An example set of words derived from a present stem combined with some of available affixes:
Persian Components English Word class
Dān Dān to know Verbal stem
dānesh dān + -esh Knowledge Noun
dāneshgāh dān + -esh + -gāh University Noun
Furthermore, Persian is using a repetition of words to come up with a new word. Note the words just hereunder:
'zār zār', 'galeh galeh', 'daste daste', 'sabad sabad', 'rafteh rafteh', 'andak andak', 'nāz nāzi', 'bāl bāl', 'qete'h qete'h', 'nam nam', 'tep tep' and 'kam kam' are of this category.
To talk about the sounds of birds and some animals, Persian speakers imitate them nearly in a sort of repetition. Here below come a group of such sounds:
Qār Qār konān, ba' ba', qu quli qu qu, bagh baghu, ar ar konān, ow ow, mew mew, wez wez, kuāk kuāk, qur qur, jir jir, pech pech, qāt qāt, qah qah, qod qod, haq haq etc.
In the same line with repetitions, Persian speakers often use a close similar word of a certain main word to emphasize the status or clarify the meaning. They are mostly adjectives but other parts of speech can be seen as well. The accompanied word normally means nothing special and cannot stand alone by itself. They just exist to strengthen or aggravate a situation and status. Now find hereunder a series of these words:
New word Parts of speech English equivalent
/āt o āshghāl/ N trash, waste materials
/ xert o pert/ N tools of less use
/ kaj o maj/ adj. crooked
/ doros o rās/ adj. set to rights
*External influence
Persian has influenced the vocabularies of other languages though not so much as it's influenced by them. Many Persian words have also found their way into the English language.
Arabic influence on Persian culture
Iran's defeat and occupation by Arabs which goes back to around 13 centuries ago brought about a swarm of words into the Iranian culture. There came Pahlavi to replace Arabic and when their books were translated into Arabic by new Iranian muslins, Arabic became the language of the intellectuals: Writers, poets and philosophers as well as governmental people chose to speak and write in Arabic.
We need to note here the role of translators in importing words from other languages especially when they fail to find pure Persian equivalents.
/ qute lāyamuti nadarim/ we have nothing to keep soul and body together
/ ma'zālek arbabe motlaq heywan ast/ the animal is the full boss , however.
/ khod rā be ālāte chamanzani mi bastand/ they tied themselves to grass mower machines
Turkish/ Russian influence on Persian culture
Turkish in turn affected Persian countries considerably. Throughout history, the Persian-speaking areas including Iran were ruled by a succession of Turk tribes which governed Persian culture and literature. With the exception of certain official designations within the government many of the Turkic words in Persian have a more informal shape and therefore these words don't look foreign to many Persian native speakers:
e.g. āqā 'mister', doqolu 'twin', komak 'help', toman 'official currency of Iran' , kākā 'brother', qeshlāq 'village.
Apart from Turks, Russians also occupied Iran peacefully during our Shahs' regimes when Europeans preferred to enjoy lands and resources in southern Iran and left the northern part for Russians. Naturally they also let their favorite words like ' estekan' (tea cup) into Persian.
European influence on Persian culture
Over the past couple of centuries, Persian language has borrowed many words from European languages mainly French and English. A lot of these loanwords were originally French and use French pronunciation; also other common words mainly come from English, Italian and German as well. The table below shows some examples of common French/Persian words.
Persian French English
dush douche shower
mersi merci thank you
gārson garçon waiter
*English vocabulary The researcher has tried to categorize the processes of word formation into two parts, simply syntactic and semantic. So far the syntactic part has remained in focus and the semantic one is put off to a later time and more analytical study. Following processes to form a word is partly common in English and Persian.
Gun+ powder= gunpowder, black + board= blackboard, white + house = White House,
- Blending
Smoke+ fog=smog, breakfast + lunch = brunch
- Clipping
''Ad'' derived from advertisement, ''Prof'' from professor
-Backformation
Television/ televise, telephone/ phone
-Conversion
Master (n) = master (v), address (n) =address (v)
-Acronyms
AIDS, LASER, UNESCO
-Derivations
Box, inbox, outbox
* Semantic word formation
So far we've had a little focus on syntactic formation of words which is already known and clear to any linguist involved. Though we passed this short time on it, it should be emphasized that we are going to stick to semantic domains with an eye on the effects of culture and thought. To this end, the researcher took a dive in English-Persian literature to gather some supporting data and here is what he has come up with; such domains as colors, numbers, animals, address terms, object naming, measure units, flowers, stars and planets are covered. The following diagram reveals a summary of what is in focus regarding semantic domain and word formation.
Measure units
Our translations at issue have not cited the Persian equivalents for the measure scales in English. They are simply saying ‘18 inch and 3 foot' which could be baffling to the readers and cause them to get embarrassed often and find it hard to decode or convert into their local scales.
Units such as gram, kilogram, pint, quart, ounce, ton, piece, pile, heap, bushel, bucket, and pound are used in English to measure the weight and quantity of some materials and substances like milk, water, fish, stone etc. Persian, however, mostly makes use of gram, kilo, ton and mesqāl to weigh things. Metr, kilometr, sāntimetr and farsakh are used to measure hieght and area. Centigrade is the only scale for temperature in Persian.
A pint of milk or ounces of gold simply sound meaningless and puzzling to a Persian speaker and hard to find the equivalent in his/her language.
To measure an area or height English applies the Metric system as well as inch, foot, meter, km, furlong, cm, mm, yard, mile, acre, and so on.
When speaking of animals or people both languages use such units as cattle, swarm, gang, group, pair, colony, herd, bunch, flight (the equivalents for Persian); still, Persian has fewer terms to refer to groups of people and/or animals. Colony, herd and swarm remain weird to Persian speakers if referred to ants and bees or gang in reference to a group of people looks strange as well.
Colors and idioms
Colors play a great role in building our vocabulary system both in English and Persian. They cover a wide area and show themselves in the form of idioms, expressions and/or proverbs.
WHITE
*To show white feather ((tærsidæn), to drink white coffee( ŝir-qæhve nuŝidæn) , a white-color worker( kārmand), to go white ( ræng pæride ŝodæn), a white lie ( dorughe maslehati), as whiteas snow( be safidie barf), to be white-bread( pir-o- qadimi budan)
/ siāh ru/ = disgraced /del siāh/= fed up with sth. / ru sæfid/ = honored / mu tælāyi /= golden- haired /mu ŝærābi /= hair of wine color /mu xormāyi / = hair of date color / ĉeŝm æsæli/= eyes of honey color
/ miŝi ĉeŝm / = sheep-like eyes
Iranians think of colors as something relative; it depends where and when to use them. Yellow and red, for instance, are a bit eyes-offending for clothes but beautiful of flowers. Green is so popular indicative of life and spirit though a green car may not look so popular. White, blue and black signify almost the same as for Americans with some exceptions. We find grey a dead color sometimes used by depressed people often.
Animals
Idioms like these "To rain cats and dogs, to make an ass of someone, as blind as bat, as dumb as fish, as cunning as fox, as greedy as wolf " indicate what the English think about some animals.
Perrine (2000:641) reports that Reid (1926) refers to cats as such:
"Dogs say cats love too much, are irresponsible,
Are changeable, marry too many wives,
Desert their children, chill all dinner tables,
With tale of their nine lives".
So they think that cats are die-hard as we think in Persian. In contrast, Persian speakers of Iran believe that rabbits are sharp and lovely animals , owls are bad-omen and pigs are dirty while the English consider rabbits stupid and timid, owls birds of fortune and pigs nice tamed animals of best meat.
Stars and planets
Anne Curzan (2003) mentioned in his book, Gender Shifts in the History of English, that planets are generally masculine. Yet, people have referred to these celestial bodies both as neutrals, males and females. Note below:
The gender of the sun in old English as reported by Perrine (2000:635):
Herrick (1591-1674)
The poet considered the sun a man saying so:
"The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun
The higher he's a getting
The sooner will his race be run
And nearer he's to setting"
The gender of the Saturn in old English: Browning (1872-1889)
"What matter to me if their star is a world?!
Mine has opened its soul to me,
Therefore I love it."
Persian regards some well-known planets as feminine; among them are the sun, the Venus and the Saturn which are clearly attributed to naming girls. /khorshid, āftāb, Nāhid, Zohre and Zohal/ are the equivalents. Also note that we use ' zohal and Keivan/ to refer to the planet Saturn. Do we really think that Saturn might be bisexual? Clearly Persian names its girl ' Zohal' while its boy ' Keivan'.' Bahrām', translation of Mars, refers to males only.
Flowers
Various flower names are attributed to females in both English and Persian. It seems we both think of them as delicate beautiful and lovely objects which are far from being masculine.
Rose, lily, tulip, poppy, violet, narcissus, jasmine, lilac, aster and others are frequently observed within the names of girls. Equivalent Persians like /roz, nilufær, ŝæqæyeq, benæfŝe, nærges, yāsæmæn, susæn, minā/ are all found with high frequency among female names. So the contrast between English and Persian language is little as far as this domain is concerned.
Address terms
In Persian we address people considering their age, social status, occupations and relations:
You noticed that we have different terms ranging from impolite derogatory names to normal and very polite way of addressing. In Old Persian even just few decades ago people called out or spoke about one another based on their occupation or anything they were known with. Below find a series of such terms and epithets:
English also enjoys its various terms for calling and addressing others:
Mr. Jacob, Miss Rose, Mrs. Nilsson, Madam Kuris, Dr. Jackson,
President, Your Excellency, Your majesty, your honor, your highness
Guy , Mac, lad, pal, hey, chap, my friend, boy
Religious terms
And God according to the poet John Donne (1572-1631) is described masculine in this way.
"So in his purple wrapped receive me Lord,
By these his thorns, give me his other crown"
The gender of God or Allah in Persian is always masculine maybe due to the direct influence of Arabic which says "Hov- Allah- ol -wahed". Religion has always granted us a lot of new words which keep changing and depend on different cultures and religions. For English and Persian languages, we refer to Islam and Christianity as the two main religions which have their special terms.
English has: temple, nun, monk, saying grace, bible, church, victimization, cross, priest, and clergyman.
Again it's clear that Persian enjoys many more words to offer due to being so various in religious affairs. Religious words have also entered our Persian sayings today reflecting our way of thinking sometimes:
/ ĉeŝm bæste ğeyb migi/
/bixe guŝet yāsin mixune/
/ xodā ruzito jāye dige bede/
Number domain
Both Persian and English take their particular attitudes toward some numbers. However, most numbers remain intact with no attention paid to them as a thought-provoking thing. Below there comes a range of numbers which carry some social thought and meaning with them:
Persian:
14, 5 and 40: seem sacred to most religious people; they are used in reference to Imams especially by the sect of shi'ism.
20: used to put others' achievements in compliment / kāret bisteh/
124000: believed to be the number of prophets sent by God
10: the borderline between pass and fail in a task- looked upon with contempt
1: something like 20; great and high-quality. Besides, God is one only and so Persian speakers mostly believe a good thing should be only one. / khodā yaki, zan yaki/
3: this number shows okay / tā 3 nashe bāzi nashe/ or again we attribute 3 to a religious belief saying / Allah, Mohammad, Ali/- meaning that the third time is done.
13: indicative of bad-omen and people are afraid of
English:
10: very good with high quality (an ace)
7 is usually regarded as lucky/auspicious, that probably survives from various bits of classical (Roman/Greek) culture. Also we know about 7 Heavens.
666 is a number considered evil in the bible (the number of "the beast")
13 is considered unlucky as 13 people sat down at Christ's last supper
3 : again it's considered a number of luck / third time lucky/
1: God , a respected number
6: days to build the heavens and earth
50,000 years, the time of judgment day
Discussions
Color terms discussed by Yarmohamadi (2002) proved to be worth studying anew. This researcher came to the same results that the domain of colors contributes highly to forming new words, expressions and idioms. It should be added that many colors brought in English idioms are transferred into another color in Persian to signify the same thing- still they share similar color names in some compound expressions. Lack of isomorphism arisen from using different colors to say the same thing in English and Persian provides the field for EFL learners to commit errors. Having two different systems of measurements in the language also puts the translators and interpreters into trouble when try to convey a precise message. Measure units were analyzed by this researcher instead of Yarmohamadi's measure terms. It was found that English is using metric and non-metric systems for measuring height and distance while Persian majorly sticks to the metric system.
Lack of adequate words in a language showed to bear influence on the perception of people of that language. In reference to trees, for instance, the word æfra/maple/ remains weird to southern people of Iran while northern residents have little conception over konar / lotus/ which grows up in the south only. Simply each group has little idea about how the other one's tree looks like for they can't see it in their environment. Then the frequency of their reference to the other tree is also low. Another example is that residents of hot and moist areas in southern Iran cannot perceive well how avalanche looks like exactly. They have not seen enough snow most probably. This is nearly in line with the findings by Lantz (1963), Brown and Lenneberg (1954) who conducted a pertinent study and concluded that language does not affect perception. If they perceive a phenomenon in the environment, they find a word in their language and go toward naming and categorizing it.
Barrette (1989) reported an article which claimed that the Hebrews of Biblical times would think differently from westerns of Hellenistic era. It should be clarified here that Iranians because of reliance on God's will power and religious beliefs, as a main factor shaping their thought, step almost in the same way as Hebrews. They mostly think that God rules the whole nature and happening with a little role played by human being; the Hebrew had been found of the notion that God does everything with nothing left to be done by man.
Martinez and Shatz (1996) had examined Spanish and English children to find about the gender marking in the two languages via categorization. As gender is so limited in English, the children didn't care about it while doing their classification. On the other hand, Spanish children showed sensitivity to this point and took it into account. In case of Persian, children are expected to do the same as the English because gender marking has little place in Persian as well. The two linguists considered this point in favor of Whorfian hypothesis since each language imparts a way of thinking. This researcher agrees partly with them in this case for such a kind of categorization of objects is to some extent language-specific. Yet, it should be clarified that children of Spanish, German, and French etc. which are gender-sensitive are expected to think in similar ways and those of other neutral languages like Persian and English should think and behave the same.
Lucy (1992) tried to find about plural forming in English and Yucatan of Mexico. He found out that English speakers indicate number for animate/inanimate objects while Yucatan speakers used number frequently for animals and less for non-animate objects. In Persian as in English, we indicate number or a measure unit for both animate and inanimate things. So, different languages may use a grammatical point in similar ways. It should be noted of course that animate objects are not the same in English and Persian. Little children of Iran mostly consider plants and moving things as animate beings while it may not hold true in case of British or American children. Lucy also pointed out that distinct objects like chair and candle are countable and considered singular in English and could be pluralized while air and water do not take plural forms. He understood that Japanese take all inanimate beings as mass nouns in English. This researcher, however, found that Persian and English think almost the same in this regard.
6.conclusion
In reply to the first question concerning the effect of thought on word formation , it can be mentioned that one's thinking style can help one select a proper word in reference to an object or substance; there may exist many words related to something but his thinking style lets him choose the correct one. For example, while talking about stars and planets, it is thought which compels Persian speakers to call the sun a beautiful lady and reminds the English to consider it a powerful man.
Regarding the second question or the role played by culture in word formation, the findings indicated that culture along with its branches including environment, literature, religion and family contribute highly to raising a new thinking style and forming new words in a language. One's specific region of living consists of specific creatures, trees and objects, enjoys its special customs and habits which require their special names and categorizations. Literary men including poets, writers and translators play with existing words to make similes, metaphors, personifications and change them according to their skills to convey an idea. They also go to coin words or import them from other languages with little hesitation.Religion as one other major part of the culture granted both languages a new set of words. Depending on the type of religion a culture adopted, that society changed relevant vocabulary cache and coined or borrowed a replacement. Persian, for instance, was deeply affected hundreds of years ago when Arabs invaded Iran.
The answer to the last question about the way word formation varies in English and Persian requires a retrospect to the processes involved. It was found that the two languages overlap greatly in such processes as compounding, coining, borrowing and etymology. Other processes like blending and backformation are rarely observed in Persian while Persian, on the other hand, uses repetition specifically to make a new word. Besides, compounding is also more common in Persian than English. Acronyms and nominal couples exist in both, except that acronyms are seen to be more utilized in military names and the names of companies. NASA and NATO in English and rājā and nājā in Persian are few common examples.
Steinberg, D. (2000). Psycholinguistics: language, mind and world. London and New York: Longman.
Wang, Aigo(1997)."A comparison of word formation between English and Chinese". Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=mLBmKotEe9cC&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&d
Whorf, B. L. (1956). "Language, thought, and reality". Retrieved from http://www.benogo.dk/publications/2PhenomneologicalStudiesOfPlace.pdf
Yarmohammadi, L.(2002). A contrastive analysis of English and Persian. Tehran: Payame Noor University.
About the Author
co-authors:Professor Yarmohamadi.L & Dr.Rashidi.N from Shiraz University, Iran.
Blink 182 "Up All Night" Official Musiv Video Report/Download!
official report writing format official report writing format official report writing format
A business report puts across information that assists in decision-making in a business. The report could be actual solution to a business problem while others record past business information to help in future business planning. Ancient business report papers like the business plan had the purpose of communicating business concept, business management model, commercial objectives, operational procedures as well as the perceived viability of the enterprise. Plagiarism is the close imitation of another person thought, ideas or expressions and publication of them as being one's own work. Plagiarism is currently in the increase as most of the student courses dictate that research works on various topics be prepared and handed in for official evaluation. Though plagiarism is not defined as a crime, it is a moral wrong. Any academic paper can be plagiarism free so long as the student puts more effort in originality and proper in text citations and referencing.
A plagiarism free business report paper must obey several guidelines. When writing any business report paper, it is recommended that the business report writer must determine the reason behind that report. This scope should not be too general or vague since it will abstract the writer's scope resulting to a futile business report paper. Instead, the topic should be narrowed down to an appropriate report length. The next thing is to consider the potential or intended audience. For business report papers, various audience groups are targeted by the report since there are many levels of decision making in the hierarchy of a business each of which require different information. Business report papers have several target audience qualities. First, in the need for the report you find that some require it for financial approval, resources allocation or planning. Next is the level of education which determines the ability of a target audience to comprehend and cut the paper. Others include management level, responsibility, and personal demographics. The business report paper writer should at this point in time list all the intended audiences as primary, secondary and immediate audiences. Thirdly, a good business report paper properly gathered and organized supporting information to facilitate supply chain management, quality systems or production and operational planning. Investment strategy development requires market research involving data collection either first hand from consumers or from investigative research.
All in all the procedures and methods used in the research need to be explained. After information has been gathered, a thorough analysis and justification of the supporting information is done. The findings are compared with the present business concept in alignment to the target audience. Lastly but not least, is the act of coming up with the solution, research findings as well as the recommendations. Business report paper writers will offer solution to the study problem based on the research analysis. Findings are picked directly from the outcome of the research while the recommendations state what needs to be done. Finally, the writer determines the report format which must include identifying information, purpose of the report, report background and supporting data and conclusions and recommendations. Other elements of considerations in a plagiarism free business report paper is accuracy of the paper, objectivity as well as use of graphics like tables , pie charts, line charts, bar charts, organizational charts etc. accurate referencing of cited information is important.
About the Author
Author is associated with researchpapers247.com which is a global writing company that offerBusiness Report Papers & Custom research Papers provider. If you would like help in Business Report Paper and Buy essays you can visit researchpapers247.com
BBC World News: 'Africa Business Report' (2009)
business report example business report example business report example
example of reports writing_2"example of reports writing"
Lab Report Writing Guide
Students find it hard to write their lab reports. This is because the students do not have enough experience in writing lab report. Also, the students do not know how to structure their lab reports. This makes it difficulty for the students to structure the lab reports well. Also, the students do not know how to format their lab reports. Instructors grade lab reports using various things. For example, instructors grade lab reports according to the formatting of the report. In this case, students who have formatted their lab reports well get high marks. On the other hand students who have formatted their lab reports poorly get low marks. In addition, the instructors grade lab reports according to the quality of the report and the content.
Students who submit quality report get high marks and students who submit low quality reports get low marks. Most students are not able to write reports that meet instructors' requirements. This is because the students do not have enough lab report guides to guide them. Most institutions do not have adequate lab report guides. This makes it difficulty for the institutions to help students write quality lab reports. This in turn affects students performance .Most students prefer to get lab reports from companies that offer lab report writing services. There are several companies that offer lab report writing services. The companies do not offer effective lab report writing services. This makes it difficulty for students to get quality lab reports from the companies.
A custom writing company offering lab report writing services should have various qualities. First, the company should be able to offer quality and effective lab report writing services. The company should have good report writers so as to be able to write quality report. So, the report writers should have various qualities. The report writers should be able to write original reports. Most companies are not able to write original lab reports. This makes it difficulty for the students to perform well. The company offering lab report writing services should ensure the writers are able to write lab reports from scratch. The writers should have undergone thorough training in lab report writing. This is to ensure the writers are able to write lab reports professionally. The writers should have enough experience to write lab reports. The company offering lab report writing services should ensure the writers recruited have the relevant experience in lab report writing. This will help the company provide quality and effective lab report writing services. In addition, the writers should be able to offer lab report writing in different categories. For example, the writers should be able to offer lab report writing in nursing and other science based courses.
Lab report writing is a must for students taking science based courses. The lab report writing helps students convey their findings in science activities and also improve their skills. The writers should ensure the lab reports are inline with the student's requirements. This will help the students score good grades. The writers should convey the findings of the lab report well when writing the lab report. So, the writers should have the necessary knowledge in science based courses. In addition, the writers should be able to offer lab report writing serveices on time.
About the Author
Author is associated with SuperiorWriters.com which is a global Lab Report Writing & Custom research Papers provider. If you would like help in Lab Report and Buy essays you can visit SuperiorWriters.com
The Modern Approach to Teaching Business Writing
example of reports writing example of reports writing example of reports writing
